高等学校化学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 20220637.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20220637
收稿日期:
2022-09-25
出版日期:
2023-01-10
发布日期:
2022-11-09
通讯作者:
陆安慧
E-mail:anhuilu@dlut.edu.cn
基金资助:
WANG Sijia, HOU Lu, LI Chenglong, LI Wencui, LU Anhui()
Received:
2022-09-25
Online:
2023-01-10
Published:
2022-11-09
Contact:
LU Anhui
E-mail:anhuilu@dlut.edu.cn
Supported by:
摘要:
空腔型纳米炭具有低密度、 高表面积/体积比、 较大的内部空间及可调的炭壳厚度和孔隙结构等特性, 在新材料和新能源等相关领域展现出巨大的应用潜力, 成为目前多孔炭材料研究的重要分支. 本文讨论了空腔型纳米炭的制备方法及其形貌结构的调控思路, 分析了不同方法的优缺点; 综合评述了其在能源存储、 催化转化、 吸附分离和生物医药领域的应用进展, 并对现存问题及发展趋势进行了总结与展望.
中图分类号:
TrendMD:
王思佳, 侯璐, 李成龙, 李文翠, 陆安慧. 空腔型纳米炭的制备与应用. 高等学校化学学报, 2023, 44(1): 20220637.
WANG Sijia, HOU Lu, LI Chenglong, LI Wencui, LU Anhui. Recent Advances in Synthesis and Applications of Hollow Nano-carbons. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2023, 44(1): 20220637.
Fig.1 Schematic illustrations of the synthesis of the hollow core⁃shell interlinked carbon spheres(A), TEM images of solid polymer nanospheres(B), polymer/silica nanohybrids(C) and carbon/silica hybrids(D) [ 11]Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
Fig.2 Illustration of the synthesis of internal gridded hollow carbon spheres(A), TEM images of solid carbon sphere(B), polymer/silica fence(C) and gridded hollow carbon sphere(D) [ 13]Copyright 2021, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
Fig.3 Synthesis processes of hollow carbon nanospheres(A) [ 16], TEM images of HCF/SiO2 displaying the cavity and mesoporous shell(B), TEM images of S@HCF(C)(inset: shows the microporous shell), STEM images and linear EDX element distributions of HCF/SiO2(D), sulfur/HCF/SiO2(E), and S@HCF(F) [ 18](A) Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH; (B—F) Copyright 2018, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
Fig.5 Schematic illustration of the formation process of the carbon hollow⁃spheres(A), representative FESEM(B, C) and TEM(D, E) images of the carbon hollow⁃spheres [ 23]Copyright 2012, Elsevier.
Fig.6 Diagram for the formation process of the coral⁃like carbon(A), relationship between the molar ratio of SiO2 to resorcinol and the total pore volume of the coral⁃like carbons(B) [ 28]Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society.
Fig.7 Illustration of the synthesis route for PNHCS(A), SEM images of sulfonated PS spheres(B), PNHCS(C) and TEM images of PNHCS(D, E) [ 32]Copyright 2014, the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig.8 Illustration of the synthesis of the self⁃standing MnO@HCF electrode(A), SEM image of MnO2 nanofibers(B), TEM image of MnO@HCF⁃3(E), SEM and TEM images of MnO@HCF⁃1(C, F) and MnO@HCF⁃2(D, G) [ 42]Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig.9 Schematic illustration of the synthetic route of the hollow carbon nanospheres(A), typical TEM image of the hollow carbon nanospheres obtained from large⁃scale synthesis(B), digital photograph of the product in the form of a powder(C) [ 47], schematic representation of the formation process of the spiral multi⁃shelled carbon nanospheres(MCN)(D), scanning TEM image(E), TEM image(G) and magnified TEM images of the MCN(F, H) [ 51](A—C) Copyright 2018, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany; (D—H) Copyright 2021, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Fig.10 Scheme of the synthesis route for single⁃shelled and multishelled hollow carbon nanospheres(A), TEM images of solid 3⁃AF nanospheres before and after the inner part selectively dissolved(B, C) [ 61], formation procedure of the CoP/C nanoboxes(D) [ 65](A—C) Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society; (D) Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
Fig.11 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of HMCNCs and SMCNCs(A), TEM images of HMCNCs(B) and SMCNCs(D), electron tomography slices of HMCNCs(C) and SMCNCs(E)(scale bar: 100 nm) [ 72], schematic illustration of the “stresses induced orientation contraction” mechanism for constructing the hollow structures(F), TEM images of ZIF⁃8@DA15 composite(G, H) and NC15⁃900 ℃(I, J) [ 73](A—E) Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH; (F—J) Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.
Fig.12 Schematic illustration of the in situ Stöber templating of hollow mesoporous carbon spheres(HMCS)[starting from two molecular precursors(DA and TEOS), under Stöber conditions](A) [ 81], schematic diagram illustration of the synthesis of carbonized polydopamine(CPDA) with multiple structures(B), SEM images of CPDA(C), bowl⁃like CPDA(D), hollow CPDA(E) and yolk⁃shell CPDA(F) [ 83](A) Copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry; (B—F) Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Fig.13 Scheme of the preparation process of HPCNFs(A), SEM images(B, C), TEM image(D) and high⁃resolution TEM image(E) of HPCNFs [ 93], schematic illustration of the preparation process of Co/Co3O4⁃Ni/NiO@MHCNFs catalyst(F), SEM images of Co/Co3O4⁃Ni/NiO@MHCNFs(G, H), SEM images of Co/Co3O4⁃Ni/NiO@HCNFs(I, J), SEM images of MHCNFs(K, L) [ 94](A—E) Copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry; (F—L) Copyright 2022, Elsevier.
Fig.14 Schematic illustration of coelectrospinning of a PMMA PAN⁃tin octoate mixture in DMF using a single⁃needle nozzle(A), proposed synthetic scheme for Sn nanoparticles encapsulated in porous multichannel carbon microtubes(SPMCTs)(B) [ 96]Copyright 2009, American Chemical Society.
Fig.16 Schematic diagrams and TEM images of LRC nanofibers based on various PAN/PS mass ratio(A—D) [ 98], schematic diagram of the design strategy of ultraporous PI⁃based hollow CNFMs(E) [ 99](A—D) Copyright 2015, Springer Nature; (E) Copyright 2022, Elsevier.
Fig.17 Schematic synthesis approach(A), photograph(B), and SEM images of CNT/HCF carbon film(C, D), long⁃term cyclability and Coulombic efficiency of CNT/HCF⁃S⁃1 at 0.2C(E) [ 101],(E) The insets are static adsorption test of CNT/HCF and c-CF with Li2S6 solution, and the photographs of CNT/HCF and c-CF films before and after subjected to vertical pressures.Copyright 2020, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
Fig.18 Multishelled(from double⁃shelled to seven⁃shelled) hollow nanospheres through continuous growth cycles(A—F), EIS spectra(G) and cyclability tests(H) at 2C of representative samples including solid carbon nanospheres 1S⁃HCNs, 3S⁃HCNs, 5S⁃HCNs, respectively [ 61]Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
Fig.19 Mechanism diagram showing porous carbon microspheres with multiple effects for Li⁃S battery(A), SEM image of Co@N⁃HCMSs(B), TEM image of inner pores on Co@N⁃HCMSs(C), HRTEM image of Co@N⁃HCMSs(inset for SAED pattern)(D), rate performance of S/N⁃CMSs and S/Co@N⁃HCMSs cathodes at different rates from 0.1C to 4C(E), cycle performance of S/N⁃CMSs and S/Co@N⁃HCMSs cathodes at 0.2C(F) [ 109]Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Fig.20 Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the N, P, O ternary⁃doped hollow carbon microsphere based on single poly(cyclotriphosphazene⁃co⁃phloroglucinol)(PCPP) precursor(A), a plot of the specific capacitances calculated from the discharge curves versus current density(B), cycling stability of the NPO⁃HCS⁃950 at a current density of 20 A/g(the inset: first and last cycles of GCD curves)(C) [ 113]Copyright 2018, Elsevier.
Fig.21 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of Zn n Co5-n O x @carbon hollow capsules(A) [ 118], two⁃chamber reaction system(B), hydrogenation of alkenes over PdCu@HCS and PdCu/HCS for styrene(C), 2⁃vinylnaphthalene(D), 9⁃vinylanthracene(0.2 mmol substrate added)(reaction conditions: H2 balloon, 25 ℃, 30 mg of catalyst, 1 mmol of substrate, 0.5 mmol of dodecane as internal standard, 5 mL of ethanol as solvent)(E) [ 122], potential forming mechanism of the void⁃confinement effect(F) [ 123], a possible mechanism for the channel-induced furfural tandem hydrogenation over the Ru@Shell⁃HCSs nanoreactor via electronic and geometric microenvironment enhancement(G) [ 124](A) Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH; (B—E) Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH; (F) Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH; (G) Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH.
Fig.22 Schematic diagram illustrating synthesis process of CN, PCN and HCN by varying amounts of KOH(A), N2 adsorption⁃desorption isotherms(B) and pore size distribution curves of CN, PCN and HCN(C), adsorption kinetics of ethanol with time evolution(D) and various VOCs at 50 min(E) [ 128]Copyright 2017, Elsevier.
Fig.23 Possible TC adsorption mechanism onto NHPC⁃2(A), effect of contact time on TC adsorption capacities of NPC, NHPC⁃1 and NHPC⁃2(B), effect of TC concentration on adsorption capacities of NPC, NHPC⁃1 and NHPC⁃2(C) [ 130]Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
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