Surface plasmon-based devices exhibit exceptional light confinement and enhanced light-matter interactions at subwavelength scales， offering a promising route to overcome the diffraction limit and enabling breakthroughs in nanophotonics and optoelectronic integration. Chemically synthesized noble metal nanoparticles， with their intrinsic subwavelength dimensions and outstanding plasmonic properties， have emerged as ideal building blocks for high-performance surface plasmon devices. To realize this potential， high-throughput， cost-effective， and structurally controllable self-assembly strategies are essential. This review focuses on DNA-directed assembly approaches， highlighting their applications in constructing strongly coupled， nonlinear， and low-loss plasmonic devices. Based on the fundamental physical processes of surface plasmons， we emphasize how the structural precision and programmability of DNA molecules empower optical phenomena， aiming to establish a new paradigm for the precise construction of advanced nanophotonic devices using biological macromolecules. Finally， this review summarizes the key challenges currently faced by self-assembled photonic devices， including cross-scale fabrication， structural defects， and loss control， and， on this basis， proposes future key research directions and feasible solutions. DNA-directed assembly demonstrate broad prospects in the development of high-performance and multifunctional plasmonic structures and devices， with potential applications in optical communication， quantum information， artificial intelligence and disease detection.

As a pivotal chemical feedstock， methane is characterized by its abundant reserves， cost-effectiveness， and renewability. In the context of global carbon neutrality and net-zero emission initiatives， developing high-value conversion pathways for methane， such as hydrogen production， methanol synthesis， olefin/aromatic generation， and clean fuel manufacturing， has emerged as a strategic approach to maximize its utilization potential. Significant research efforts have been directed toward establishing energy-efficient and economically viable conversion systems to maximize the utilization efficiency of its carbon and hydrogen atoms. This review systematically examines recent advancements in methane conversion technologies for high-value chemical synthesis， and conducts a statistical analysis of relevant literature and patents on different conversion pathways based on thermal catalysis. With these foundational assessments， the future challenges and prospects of methane conversion are prospected.

In response to the escalating challenges of global climate change and urban heat island effects， the development of energy-efficient functional materials with high near-infrared（NIR） reflectance and effective thermal regulation capabilities has become a research focus. Traditional oxide materials， such as Bi₂MoO₆， still exhibit certain limitations in NIR reflectance. In recent years， rare-earth-modified molybdate materials have attracted significant attention in the field of NIR-reflective coatings due to their excellent optical response characteristics and structural stability. In this study， Gd³⁺-doped Bi_2－x Gd _x MoO₆（x=0， 0.2， 0.4， 0.6， 0.8， 1.0） NIR reflective materials were synthesized via a solid-state reaction method. The obtained samples were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）， scanning electron microscopy（SEM）， energy-dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）， Raman spectroscopy， near-infrared（NIR） reflectance spectroscopy， thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry（TG-DSC） and thermal insulation performance tests. The results indicated that the synthesized samples exhibited good crystallinity. Gd³⁺ doping induced a bandgap narrowing （from 2.87 eV to 2.80 eV）， leading to a redshift of the absorption edge and enhanced absorption in the 450—600 nm blue-green region， resulting in a more pronounced yellow hue and enabling effective color modulation. All Bi_2－x Gd _x MoO₆ samples exhibited high NIR reflectance， with values exceeding 87.68%， significantly higher than that of TiO₂（75.66%）. In particular， the sample with x=0.4 demonstrated the highest NIR reflectance of 90.11% and a NIR solar reflectance of 89.53%， which are 14.45% and 9.24% higher than those of TiO₂， respectively. Infrared lamp irradiation experiments further confirmed the superior energy-saving and thermal insulation performance of the materials. TG-DSC analysis revealed that Bi_2－x Gd _x MoO₆ pigments possess excellent thermal stability， allowing for long-term application in high-temperature environments. These findings offer a new and promising alternative for high-performance thermal insulation materials.

Combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy can cover the entire tumor area， achieving an effective synergistic treatment performance. In this study， covalent organic frameworks（COFs） with unique pore structure and excellent chemical stability were utilized as the shell， and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with favorable photothermal properties were adopted as the core to construction a core-shell structured drug carrier with a particle size of approximately 200 nm. The antitumor drug doxorubicin hydrochloride（DOX） was encapsulated into the pores of COFs. Subsequently， the composite material was modified with the thermosensitive material， poly（N- isopropylacrylamide）（PNIPAM）， which was used to seal the surface of the composite. Furthermore， under irradiation with 808 nm laser， Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles rapidly converted light energy into heat energy， thereby generating a temperature change that achieve two purposes， on the one hand， the temperature change reached the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAM for phase transition， causing the structure contracts inward and thus achieving the controlled release of drug molecules. On the other hand， the high temperature could kill cancer cells effectively， thus exhibited chemo-photothermal tumor therapy performance. Finally， carbon dots were grafted on the surface of the system to achieve the folic acid-mediated target controlled release mechanism， and a temperature-sensitive drug controlled release system was constructed successfully. The system exhibited highly antitumor performance by combining with chemotherapy and photothermal therapy.

Based on previous research， the structure of antibacterial active compound A were optimized using the scaffold hopping principle. Eighteen osthole oxime ether derivatives were designed and synthesized， and confirmed by means of ¹H NMR， ¹³C NMR and elemental analysis. The antibacterial activities test results revealed that these compounds had insignificant activity against S. aureus and E. coli. However， they unexpectedly exhibited good inhibitory effects against B. fragilis and P. anaerobius. Notably， the compounds 5d and 5g demonstrated the most significant activity， with minimum inhibitory concentrations（MIC） of 1 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL against B. fragilis， respectively. Its antibacterial activities are comparable to the control drug metronidazole， which will be extensively studied as novel antibacterial lead compounds.

A novel benzothiazole azobenzene based photochromic compound（BTA） was synthesized through diazocoupling reaction. Its chemical structure was confirmed， and the photoresponsive properties， mechanism， and application prospects were studied by means of UV-Vis spectra， PL spectra， FTIR spectra， and theoretical calculations. The results indicated that based on the mechanism of cis-trans isomerization， BTA solution rapidly changed from yellow to colorless and emitted blue fluorescence under UV light irradiation and could be restored to its initial state by visible light irradiation under 60 ℃ heating， exhibiting reversible dual-mode photochromic phenomenon. The film prepared by doping BTA with polymethyl methacrylate（PMMA） successfully achieved erasable optical information storage. This study provides valuable insights and experimental evidence for the design of dual-mode photochromic materials and their applications in smart optoelectronic devices.

The unique structure， properties and potential application prospects of nanocluster molecular rotors have aroused extensive attention from researchers. The electron-deficient nature of boron makes boron-based clusters a fertile ground for designing nanocluster molecular rotors. In 2010， the discovery of the dynamic fluxionality of B{}_{\mathrm{19}}^{-} cluster initiated the research on boron-based nonocluster molecular rotors. Metal doping is an effective strategy for expanding the family members of boron-based cluster molecular rotors. Among the currently reported boron alloy molecular rotors， the boron cluster units all possess aromaticity. Herein， the first nano-rotor of Ca₃B₈ cluster with conflicting aromaticity has been theoretically predicted， based on computational global-minimum searches and quantum chemical calculations. It features a unique three-layer coaxial inverted sandwich structure： a slightly distorted B©B₇ molecular wheel serves as the middle layer， with a horizontal Ca₂ dimer above and a Ca atom below. Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the boron-based Ca₃B₈ cluster possesses novel dynamic fluxionality： the Ca₂ dimer can rotate freely on the umbrella-like CaB₈ base plate around the central axis at 300 and 600 K. The rotation barrier is only 0.25 kJ/mol at the single-point CCSD（T）/6-311+G（d）//PBE0/6-311+ G（d） level. Ca₃B₈ can be approximatively formulated as ［Ca₂］²⁺［B©B₇］^4-［Ca］²⁺， due to the weak B—Ca covalent bonding and obviously charge transfer from the Ca atoms to the boron motif. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that Ca₃B₈ has 8π and 6σ delocalized electrons on distorted B₈ wheel， leading to a conflicting-aromatic system. Ca₃B₈ represents the first boron alloy nano-rotor with conflicting-aromaticity， further expanding the research field of boron-based fluxional systems.

Diethyl ether（C₄H₁₀O， DEE） is a promising oxygenated fuel with a cetane number of up to 125 and can be used for cold starts in engines and diesel engines， so diethyl ether is often seen as a potential alternative fuel for diesel engines. The study of the chemical kinetics of diethyl ether started late， and most of the DEE combustion reaction mechanisms found in literature are detailed mechanisms with a large number of species and reactions， making them difficult to use in high-dimensional numerical simulations. In this study， based on the minimized reaction network（MRN） method， 3 species and 7-step reactions were added to the previously developed C₀—C₂ to construct a diethyl ether combustion mechanism（DEE-CKL） with 32 species and 56 reactions. The two-parameter form of the Arrhenius equation（A， E） is used to describe the rate constant of the reaction. Finally， the ignition delay time and laminar flame speed of the constructed DEE-CKL mechanism were simulated using Chemkin-Pro software. The simulation results were compared with existing experimental results， and the comparison indicated that the constructed DEE-CKL mechanism could effectively reproduce the experimental results， demonstrating the reliability and practicality of the DEE-CKL mechanism.

The adsorption/desorption of the key intermediate at the molecular level in CO₂ hydrogenation deserves significant attention since the intermediate stability can greatly affect the products selectivity. In this paper， the Pt/Cd-TiO₂ catalysts were synthetized by impregnation method. The Pt/Cd-TiO₂ catalyst is characterized through X-Ray diffraction（XRD）， H₂-temperature programmed reduction（H₂-TPR）， Raman spectra， electron spin resonance（ESR）， transmission electron microscope（TEM）， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）， CO₂ temperature programmed desorption（CO₂-TPD）， and N₂ sorption experiments. With the introduction of Cd²⁺， CO selectivity increases to 98.1% and CH₄ selectivity decreases to 1.9% over Pt/Cd-TiO₂ compared to Pt/TiO₂（87.5% for CO and 12.5% for CH₄） during CO₂ hydrogenation. Additionally， CO was produced at 225 ℃ over Pt/Cd-TiO₂， which is 25 ℃ lower than Pt/TiO₂ catalyst（250 ℃）. In situ FTIR and XPS measurements reveal that the Cd²⁺ could reduce the electron density of Pt nanoparticles（Pt NPs）， and the reduced electron density of Pt NPs will contribute to the desorption of adsorbed CO_ads into CO in the gas phase and inhibit the hydrogenation of CO_ads to produce CH₄. During CO methanation contrast experiments， CH₄ evolution decreases by approximately 6.6 times with the introduction of Cd²⁺， indicating that Cd²⁺ hinders the reaction of CO with H to produce CH₄， in accordance with the increased CO selectivity in CO₂ hydrogenation over Pt/Cd-TiO₂. The CO selectivity was all improved over Pt/TiO₂ promoted with several cations（Cd²⁺， Mn²⁺， Ba²⁺， K⁺ and Na⁺）， and Pt/Cd-TiO₂ exhibits the highest CO selectivity. This study sheds light on the enhanced CO evolution over Pt/Cd-TiO₂ in CO₂ hydrogenation and provides guidance for catalyst design.

In this work， a porous CoFe₂O₄/silica aerogel gel composite（SCF） with a high specific surface area was successfully synthesized by using silica aerogel as a CoFe₂O₄ carrier. The catalyst was systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）， transmission electron microscopy（TEM）， X-ray diffraction analysis（XRD）， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）， electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）， and nitrogen adsorption-desorption testing. The analysis shows that silica aerogel greatly alleviates the agglomeration of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles， and the successful loading of CoFe₂O₄ enriches the pore structure of the composite while retaining the high specific surface area of silica aerogel. The optimized SCF-30 achieved a removal efficiency of 84.79% for 50 mg/L TC solution after peroxymonosulfate（PMS） activation with low loading amount. Through quenching experiments， \mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\bullet -}， ¹O₂， and {}_{}{}^{\bullet }{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-} were identified as the main active substances in the catalytic reaction， and possible reaction mechanisms and degradation pathways were speculated. In addition， composite materials exhibit excellent stability and pH tolerance. This work provides insights into the design and fabrication of highly stable persulfate-activating materials.

Soybean stalk， as a renewable biomass resource with low cost and environmental friendliness， demonstrates significant potential for high-value utilization. Through sequential treatments including pre-carbonization， hydrothermal processing， activation， and carbonization， soybean stalks were converted into nitrogen-doped carbon materials SSC-X. By controlling preparation conditions， the porous structure， specific surface area， defect sites， and nitrogen species configuration of SSC-X were modulated to optimize its catalytic performance in nitrobenzene hydrogenation. The SSC-800 catalyst exhibits nitrobenzene conversion of 100% and aniline selectivity of >99% within 0.75 h at 80 ℃ in cyclohexane solvent using hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent. Remarkably， the catalyst maintains excellent recyclability with aniline yield over 99% after 8 cycles. This work achieves sustainable utilization of agricultural waste of soybean stalks and provides a novel strategy for developing efficient， low-cost， and environmentally friendly biomass-derived carbon-based catalysts.

Hydrogen energy， as one of the most promising clean energy vectors in the 21st century， has positioned its efficient production technology as a critical pathway for global energy transition. However， large-scale implementation of water electrolysis remains constrained by the high overpotentials of hydrogen evolution reaction（HER） and oxygen evolution reaction（OER）， resulting in inefficient energy conversion. Although noble-metal-based catalysts（Pt， IrO₂/RuO₂） exhibit exceptional catalytic activity， their scarcity and prohibitive costs severely restrict industrial deployment. Transition metal sulfides（TMS） have emerged as competitive alternatives to noble-metal catalysts due to their cost-effectiveness and tunable electronic structures， yet their inferior intrinsic activity hinders large-scale applications. Metal-organic frameworks（MOFs）， featuring ordered porous architectures， high specific surface areas， and uniformly distributed metal nodes， can be converted through controlled sulfurization into cobalt-based sulfides with hierarchical porosity. This conversion not only preserves the three-dimensional skeletal advantages of the precursors but also effectively modulates the density of states at metal centers via sulfur-atom doping. In this work， NiCo ZIF-67 is employed as a precursor to construct a hollow-structured Ni_0.3Co_2.7S/MoS₂ flower-like composite catalyst through sulfur-induced Kirkendall effect-driven synthesis. The hollow framework of the composite synergistically enhances cycling stability by effectively anchoring MoS₂ nanosheets， while its expanded interlayer spacing facilitates sufficient electrolyte infiltration and optimizes charge transfer pathways. The Ni_0.3Co_2.7S/MoS₂ catalyst demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance， achieving a low overpotential of 150 mV at 10 mA/cm². Remarkably， after galvanostatic stability testing（80 h at 10 mA/cm²） and 2000 cyclic voltammetry cycles， the overpotential increases by only 7 mV， highlighting its superior activity and long-term durability. This study provides a novel strategy for designing efficient and stable TMS-based electrocatalysts for water splitting， offering significant scientific value for advancing green hydrogen technologies.

In this study， ZnCo₂O₄ and CoAl₂O₄ model catalysts retaining only a single Co³⁺（octahedral site） or Co²⁺（tetrahedral site） were prepared using spinel-type Co₃O₄ as the base material， and the distribution of their active sites was modulated by selective doping with Zn²⁺ and Al³⁺. The precise modulation of the crystal structure by dopant ions， in which Zn²⁺ selectively occupies the tetrahedral sites and Al³⁺ preferentially replaces Co³⁺ in the octahedral sites， has been confirmed by XRD， XPS and Raman spectroscopy， which enables the isolated study of Co²⁺ and Co³⁺ active sites， respectively. In the alkaline-mediated oxygen reduction reaction（ORR） test， the half-cell test results show that the different active sites exhibit significant differences in electrocatalytic performance. Co₃O₄ exhibits the optimal ORR activity， whereas the catalytic performance of ZnCo₂O₄（Co³⁺ sites only） is significantly better than that of CoAl₂O₄（Co²⁺ sites only）， and the half-wave potential of Co₃O₄ is 50 mV higher than that of ZnCo₂O₄， while the half-wave potential of ZnCo₂O₄ is 120 mV higher than that of CoAl₂O₄， indicating that the octahedrally coordinated Co³⁺ plays a dominant role in the ORR process. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis further revealed that obvious ^*O₂^- and ^*O₂ intermediate species adsorption signals are detected on the surface of ZnCo₂O₄ during the reaction process， whereas CoAl₂O₄ exhibits only weak oxygen-containing species adsorption peaks， confirming that the adsorption capacity of the key oxygen intermediates at the Co³⁺ site is significantly stronger than that at the Co²⁺ site.

A superhydrophobic coal gangue photothermal coating was prepared by in-situ modification of coal gangue through the Michael addition reaction of dodecylamine（DDA） and dopamine（DA）. This coating has excellent anti- icing and de-icing properties， providing a new solution for the modification and resource utilization of coal gangue waste. The results show that the photothermal synergistic effect of coal gangue and polydopamine enable the surface temperature of the coating to reach 90.2 ℃（1.0 kW/m²）. At the same time， due to the synergistic effect of the multi-scale structure and low surface energy alkyl long-chain， the coating surface exhibits a water contact angle up to （157±0.8）° and a sliding angle of （3.2±0.3）°. In a low-temperature environment of -15 ℃， the freezing delay time of water droplets on the coating surface is 38.3 times that of uncoated material. In addition， due to the photothermal conversion characteristics of the coating， the ice on the surface of the coating can quickly melt in just 80 s under 1.0 kW/m² of light illumination， demonstrating its excellent passive anti-icing and active de-icing performance. Importantly， the coating also has excellent self-cleaning performance， mechanical stability， and chemical stability. This multifunctional photothermal coating has important application prospects in the high-value utilization of coal gangue and green protection of engineering materials.

This study developed a new kind of self-healing polyurethane hydrogels（SPUGs） through a synergistic crosslinking strategy combining dynamic covalent disulfide bonds and non-covalent hydrogen bonds. A specifically synthesized quadrifunctional crosslinker， 3，3'-disulfanediylbis（propane-1，2-diol）， was employed to react with poly（ethylene glycol）-based polyurethane prepolymers， followed by solvent-exchange method to produce SPUGs. The physicochemical properties of SPUGs and lyophilized gels（DSPUGs） were characterized comprehensively， and the results revealed that the dual-crosslinked systems exhibited enhanced thermal stability［temperature at 5% mass loss（T_5%）>250 ℃］ and low glass transition temperature（T_g<0 ℃）. With the increase of disulfide bond content， the surface hydrophilicity and equilibrium swelling ratio of SPUGs reduced， while water-retaining capacity increased. Mechanical tests demonstrated that SPUGs exhibited elastic deformation and possessed outstanding tensile properties， compressive toughness and fatigue-resistant capacities. SPUG-II with a moderate crosslinking density achieved a maximum tensile strength of 112.2 kPa， elongation at break of 459.4% and fracture toughness of 267.6 kJ/m³. The double dynamic bonds endowed SPUGs with high self-healing efficiency（≥90% at 50 ℃ for 2 h） and redox-triggered reversible gel-sol transitions. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium（MTT） assays confirmed favorable cytocompatibility with cell survival rate exceeding 80% after 72 h incubation. The SPUG hydrogels with superior mechanical properties， reversible gel-sol transitions， high self-healing capability， and good biocompatibility indicated promising prospects in biomedical applications.

Superhydrophobic porous aromatic framework materials have demonstrated remarkable potential in efficiently achieving oil-water separation， thereby holding great promise for their application in treating oilfield wastewater. The robust capillary action within their microcavities has been verified to serve as an effective containment mechanism. Nevertheless， the relatively constricted pore space poses a limitation on their adsorption capacity. In this work， by ingeniously incorporating additional phenyl fragments as bridging switches（π-π cross-linking bridges） into the carbazole-based porous aromatic framework， we synthesized a novel superhydrophobic porous aromatic material， denoted as LNU-42， and significantly enlarged its pore size. Experimental results reveal that， in contrast to the carbazole-based superhydrophobic porous aromatic material LNU-40， which lacks the phenyl-bridge switches， the introduction of these built-in phenyl-bridging switches has led to a 6—8-fold expansion in the pore size of LNU-42. This substantial increase has notably augmented the accommodation space for organic solvents. Specifically， the fabric impregnated with LNU-42 exhibits an outstanding adsorption capacity for chlorobenzene， reaching up to 7.8 times its own weight， representing a 66% enhancement in adsorption performance. Moreover， the separation efficiency of LNU-42 for organic solvents such as chlorobenzene and carbon tetrachloride surpasses 90%. Notably， LNU-42 demonstrates remarkable stability， maintaining its strong hydrophobicity even under extremely harsh environmental conditions， including strong acid/alkali（1 mol/L） and high-salt concentration（1 mol/L）. This study not only furnishes a viable technical approach for the fabrication of superhydrophobic materials with high-efficiency oil-water separation capabilities but also offers crucial scientific and technological underpinnings for the treatment of oilfield wastewater.