Coal-based Carbon Nanofibers Prepared byElectrospinning for Supercapacitor†

doi:10.7503/cjcu20140455

Abstract

Abstract:

Coal-based carbon nanofibers with uniform diameters were prepared by means of electrospinning with oxidized coal, polyacrylonitrile(PAN) and N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF). Coal-based super-capacitor electrodes were further obtained by carbonization and activation. The phase and morphology of precursor and final product were characterized via energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) adsorption-desorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA). The results indicated that the solubility of raw coal in organic solvents can be enhanced after oxidizing treatment with potassium permanganate because of the disconnection of alkyl chains in macromolecules and the increase of oxygen containing groups. Electrochemical testing of the coal-based electrode showed a specific capacitance of 259.7 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g in three-electrode system, and a capacity retention of 99.2% after 1000 cycles at a current density of 5 A/g.

Key words: Coal, Electrospinning, Supercapacitor, Carbon nanofiber

CLC Number:

O644
TM53

TrendMD:

HE Yitao, WANG Luxiang, JIA Dianzeng, ZHAO Hongyang. Coal-based Carbon Nanofibers Prepared byElectrospinning for Supercapacitor^†[J]. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2015, 36(1): 157.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Industrial analysis and elemental analysis of Kuche coal

Industrial analysis, w(%)				Elemental analysis^*, w(%)
Moisture	Ash	Volatile matter	Fixed carbon	C	H	O	N
5.54	2.92	29.13	68.80	78.15	3.75	13.93	0.83

Fig.1 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of coal-based electrode

Fig.2 FTIR spectra of the raw coal(A) and oxidized-coal(B)

Fig.3 TG curves of pure PAN(a) and oxidized coal(b)

Fig.4 SEM images and diameter distributions(insets) of pure PAN and PAN-C3 carbon nanofibers (A) As-spun fibers of PAN; (B) as-spun fibers of PAN-C3; (C) PAN nanofibers carbonized; (D) PAN-C3 nanofibers carbonized.

Table 2 Results of EDS analysis for samples containing oxidized coal

Sample	Mass fraction(%)
Sample	C	N	O	S	Mn
PAN-C1	80.88	12.95	5.90	0.11	0.15
PAN-C2	81.98	11.59	6.04	0.28	0.11
PAN-C3	87.45	5.16	6.23	0.77	0.39

Fig.5 BET isotherm(A) and pore size distribution(B) of PAN-C3 Inset: detailed pore size distribution from 4 nm to 8 nm.

Table 3 BET specific surface area and porosity of samples

Samples	/(m²·g^-1)	/(cm³·g^-1)	/(cm³·g^-1)	/nm
PAN-C1	571	0.234	0.202	1.637
PAN-C2	772	0.323	0.268	1.672
PAN-C3	877	0.354	0.308	1.615

Fig.6 Electrochemical performance of the samples measured in a three-electrode system using 6 mol/L KOH aqueous solution as electrolyte (A) CV curves of PAN-C3 at scan rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 100 mV/s(from a to g); (B) galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of PAN-C3 at different current densities; (C) plot of current density versus scan rate of PAN-C3; (D) specific capacitance of samples at various current densities.

Fig.7 Nyquist plots of the four samples(A) and cycling performance of PAN-C3 at 5 A/g(B)

References 36

[1]	Wang G., Zhang L., Zhang J., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41797—828
[2]	Winter M., Brodd R. J., Chem Rev., 2004, 1044245—4269
[3]	Simon P., Gogotsi Y., Nature Materials, 2008, 7845—854
[4]	Sharma P., Bhatti T. S., Energy Convers. Manage., 2010, 51(12), 2901—2912
[5]	Pandolfo A. G., Hollenkamp A . F., J. Power Sources, 2006, 157(1), 11—27
[6]	Gryglewicz G., Machnikowski J., Lorenc-Grabowska E., Lota G., Frackowiak E., Electrochimi. Acta, 2005, 50(5), 1197—1206
[7]	Bhattarai N., Li Z. S., Edmondson D., Zhang M. Q., Adv. Mater., 2006, 181463—1467
[8]	Gamby J., Taberna P. L., Simon P., J.Power Sources, 2001, 101(1), 109—116
[9]	An K. H., Kim W. S., Park Y. S., Choi Y. C., Lee S. M., Chung D. C., Bae D. J., Lim S. C., Lee Y. H., Adv. Mater., 2001, 13(7), 497—500
[10]	Kim C., Kim J. S., Kim S. J., Lee W. J., Yang K. S., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2004, 151(5), A769—A773
[11]	Qiu J. S., Li Y. F., Wang Y. P., Liang C. H., Wang T. H., Wang D. H., Carbon , 2003, 41(4), 767—772
[12]	Williams K. A., Tachibana M., Allen J. L., Grigorian L., Cheng S. C., Fang S. L., Sumanasekera G. U., Loper A. L., Williams J. H., Eklund P. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 310(1/2), 31—37
[13]	Ahmadpour A., Do D. D., Carbon , 1996, 34(4), 471—479
[14]	Jurewicz K., Pietrzak R., Nowicki P., Wachowska H., Electrochimi. Acta, 2008, 53(16), 5469—5475
[15]	Yi S. P., Zhang H. Y., Pei L., Zhu Y. J., Chen X. L., Xue X. M., J. Alloys Compd., 2006, 420(1/2), 312—316
[16]	Gao H. C., Xiao F., Ching C. B., Duan H. W., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2012, 4(5), 2801—2810
[17]	Ratha S., Rout C. S., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2013, 5(21), 11427—11433
[18]	Mishra A. K., Ramaprabhu S., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115(29), 14006—14013
[19]	Nagamuthu S., Vijayakumar S., Muralidharan G., Energy Fuels, 2013, 27(6), 3508—3515
[20]	Formhals A., Process and Apparatus for Preparing Artificial Threads, US 1975504A, 1934-10-02
[21]	Huang Z. M., Zhang Y. Z., Kotaki M., Ramakrishna C., Compos. Sci. Technol., 2003, 63(15), 2223—2253
[22]	Nie G. D., Li S. K., Lu X. F., Wang C., Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2013, 34(1), 15—29
	(乜广弟, 力尚昆, 卢晓峰, 王策. 高等学校化学学报, 2013, 34(1), 15—29)
[23]	Kim C., Ngoc B. T. N., Yang K. S., Kojima M., Kim Y. A., Kim Y. J., Endo M., Yang S. C., Adv. Mater., 2007, 19(17), 2341—2346
[24]	Kim B. H., Yang K. S., Ferraris J. P., Electrochimi. Acta, 2010, 75325—331
[25]	Riggs J. E., Guo Z., Carroll D.L., Sun Y. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 1225879—5880
[26]	Lin Y., Zhou B., Fernando K. A. S., Liu P., Sun Y. P., Macromolecules , 2003, 36(19), 7199—7204
[27]	Lu J. W., Ren X. Z., Chen Y. Z., Dong M., Zhang Z. P., Yu J., Guo Z. X., Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2008, 29(9), 1870—1873
	(陆建巍, 任祥忠, 陈艺章, 董穆, 张展鹏, 于建, 郭朝霞. 高等学校化学学报, 2008, 29(9), 1870—1873)
[28]	Zhao H., Wang L., Jia D., Wu X., Li J., Guo Z., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 29338—9344
[29]	Feng J., Li W. Y., Xie K. C., Journal of China University of Mining & Technology , 2002, 31(5), 25—29
	(冯杰, 李文英, 谢克昌. 中国矿业大学学报, 2002, 31(5), 25—29)
[30]	Zhang H., Modern Organic Spectral Analysis, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2005, 295—297
	(张华. 现代有机波谱分析, 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2005, 295—297)
[31]	Hsieh C. T., Teng H., Carbon , 2002, 40(5), 2847—2853
[32]	Lota G., Lota K., Frackowiak E., Electrochem. Commun., 2007, 9(7), 1828—1832
[33]	Conway B.E., Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications, Translated by Chen A., Wu M. Q., Zhang X. L., Gao N. W., Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2005, 192—193
	(陈艾, 吴孟强, 张绪礼, 高能武[译]. 电化学超级电容器——科学原理及技术应用, 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2005, 192—193)
[34]	Zhao X. C., Zhang Q., Chen C. M., Zhang B. S., Reiche S., Wang A. Q., Zhang T., Schlögl R., Su D. S., Nano Energy, 2012, 1(4), 624—630
[35]	Toupin M., Brousse T., Bélanger D., Chem. Mat., 2004, 16(16), 3184—3190
[36]	Rahaman M. S., Ismail A. F., Mustafa A., Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2007, 92(8), 1421—1432