Chem. J. Chinese Universities ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2): 20250405.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20250405

• Letter • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Single-molecule Investigation of Heparan Sulfate-metal Ion Interactions Using Aerolysin Nanopore

ZHANG Pengling1, GAO Fan2, CHEN Jiale6, ZOU Aihua1(), TANG Juan3(), MA Hui4(), JIANG Cuiling5(), WAN Yongjing5(), XIA Bingqing6, LI Tiehai6(), GAO Zhaobing6, YING Yilun2(), LONG Yitao2   

  1. 1.College of Chemistry and Materials Science,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234
    2.Molecular Sensing and Imaging Center,School of Chemistry,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023
    3.College of Chemistry and Materials,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang 330022
    4.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang Sci?Tech University,Hangzhou 310018
    5.School of Information Science and Engineering,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237
    6.Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 201203
  • Received:2025-12-29 Online:2026-02-10 Published:2026-01-10
  • Contact: ZOU Aihua E-mail:aihuazou@shnu.edu.cn;juantang@jxnu.edu.cn;huima@zstu.edu.cn;cuilingjiang@ecust.edu.cn;wanyongjing@ecust.edu.cn;tiehaili@simm.ac.cn;yilunying@nju.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project, China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32250019);the Special Fund for the Basic Scientific Research of Central Universities, China(020514380356)

Abstract:

Heparin(HP) and heparan sulfate(HS) are highly anionic glycosaminoglycans that play essential roles in diverse biological processes through the metal ion-mediated interactions with proteins. However, direct characterization of HS-metal ion interactions at the single-molecule level in solution remains challenging. Nanopore electrochemistry is a label-free and single-molecule technique that enables direct analysis of individual molecular interactions. In this study, a T232K/K238Q Aerolysin nanopore featuring an enhanced electrostatic repelling barrier was utilized to probe the interactions between HS and different metal ions. By systematically varying the electrolyte cations(Na+, K+, and Ca2+), we have found that the metal ions significantly regulate HS translocation behavior by modulating its conformation, charge screening, and HS-nanopore interactions. Notably, in addition to Ca2+, which exhibits strong binding affinity to HS, the monovalent cations Na⁺ and K⁺ with similar physicochemical properties and weaker binding also induce distinct single-molecule signal signatures. Our results demonstrate that the nanopore-based single-molecule analysis holds strong potential to resolve the fine structural features of HS, enabling the characterization of sulfation site distributions, repeat-unit lengths, and related sequence features, and thereby providing a new avenue for high-resolution analysis of complex glycans.

Key words: Aerolysin, Single-molecule sensing, Nanopore, Heparan sulfate, Metal ion

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