Chem. J. Chinese Universities ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 20220701.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20220701
• Organic Chemistry • Previous Articles Next Articles
LIU Junli1,2, YE Cuiping1,2(), GUO Meixin1, LI Wenying3
Received:
2022-11-05
Online:
2023-06-10
Published:
2023-02-09
Contact:
YE Cuiping
E-mail:yecuiping@tyut.edu.cn
Supported by:
CLC Number:
TrendMD:
LIU Junli, YE Cuiping, GUO Meixin, LI Wenying. Influencing Factors and Mechanism of Dehydration Product Formation During Hydroxylmethylation of Fluorene to 9-Fluorenylmethanol[J]. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2023, 44(6): 20220701.
Catalyst | Solvent | Temperature/℃ | Time/min | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K2CO3 | DMF | 13 | 90 | 0.09 | 3.75 | 96.17 | 0.09 |
DMF | 15 | 90 | 3.87 | 3.68 | 91.74 | 0.71 | |
DMF | 20 | 90 | 9.92 | 6.19 | 79.94 | 3.96 | |
DMF | 25 | 90 | 18.83 | 6.58 | 71.03 | 3.56 | |
KHCO3 | DMF | 25 | 90 | 1.53 | 0 | 98.47 | 0 |
KOH | DMF | 25 | 15 | 82.21 | 14.38 | 0 | 3.41 |
C4H9OK | DMSO+EtOH | 13 | 5 | 34.51 | 65.49 | 0 | 0 |
C4H9OK | DMSO+EtOH | 13 | 15 | 12.13 | 87.87 | 0 | 0 |
Table 1 DBF content varied with temperature and alkalinity of catalyst*
Catalyst | Solvent | Temperature/℃ | Time/min | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K2CO3 | DMF | 13 | 90 | 0.09 | 3.75 | 96.17 | 0.09 |
DMF | 15 | 90 | 3.87 | 3.68 | 91.74 | 0.71 | |
DMF | 20 | 90 | 9.92 | 6.19 | 79.94 | 3.96 | |
DMF | 25 | 90 | 18.83 | 6.58 | 71.03 | 3.56 | |
KHCO3 | DMF | 25 | 90 | 1.53 | 0 | 98.47 | 0 |
KOH | DMF | 25 | 15 | 82.21 | 14.38 | 0 | 3.41 |
C4H9OK | DMSO+EtOH | 13 | 5 | 34.51 | 65.49 | 0 | 0 |
C4H9OK | DMSO+EtOH | 13 | 15 | 12.13 | 87.87 | 0 | 0 |
n(CH2O)/mmol | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) | n(CH2O)/mmol | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 96.72 | 1.94 | 8 | 6.31 | 0.00 | 76.96 | 16.73 |
6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 83.96 | 16.22 | 10 | 6.62 | 1.85 | 47.60 | 43.93 |
Table 2 Effects of paraformaldehyde additions on by-product generation*
n(CH2O)/mmol | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) | n(CH2O)/mmol | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 96.72 | 1.94 | 8 | 6.31 | 0.00 | 76.96 | 16.73 |
6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 83.96 | 16.22 | 10 | 6.62 | 1.85 | 47.60 | 43.93 |
w(Ethanol)(%) | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) | w(Ethanol)(%) | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 b | 1.64 | 1.66 | 94.03 | 2.67 | 50 c | 22.70 | 2.23 | 75.07 | 0 |
10 c | 5.11 | 3.49 | 88.15 | 3.25 | 100 c | 5.49 | 0 | 94.51 | 0 |
20 c | 17.76 | 5.16 | 72.93 | 4.15 |
Table 3 Effects of ethanol addition on dehydration of FMOH a
w(Ethanol)(%) | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) | w(Ethanol)(%) | w(DBF)(%) | w(Fluo)(%) | w(FMOH)(%) | w(BHMF)(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 b | 1.64 | 1.66 | 94.03 | 2.67 | 50 c | 22.70 | 2.23 | 75.07 | 0 |
10 c | 5.11 | 3.49 | 88.15 | 3.25 | 100 c | 5.49 | 0 | 94.51 | 0 |
20 c | 17.76 | 5.16 | 72.93 | 4.15 |
Time/min | Relative abundance(%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
MFlu+1 | MFlu+2 | MFMOH+1 | MFMOH+2 | |
RM | 13.79 | 0.90 | 14.70 | 1.23 |
15 | 31.60 | 4.01 | 25.89 | 2.22 |
30 | 43.66 | 7.13 | 37.37 | 5.84 |
45 | 56.52 | 10.77 | 44.92 | 5.85 |
Table 4 [M+1] and [M+2] relative abundance of Flu and FMOH varied with time
Time/min | Relative abundance(%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
MFlu+1 | MFlu+2 | MFMOH+1 | MFMOH+2 | |
RM | 13.79 | 0.90 | 14.70 | 1.23 |
15 | 31.60 | 4.01 | 25.89 | 2.22 |
30 | 43.66 | 7.13 | 37.37 | 5.84 |
45 | 56.52 | 10.77 | 44.92 | 5.85 |
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