Chem. J. Chinese Universities ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2): 20250294.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20250294

• Physical Chemistry • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Influence Mechanism of Carbonate Solvents on the Electrochemical Performance of Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-ion Batteries

TAO Ruimin, LI Tianyi, RU Mengling, CHEN Shuang, CUI Yongli()   

  1. College of Materials and Physics,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221000,China
  • Received:2025-10-15 Online:2026-02-10 Published:2025-11-21
  • Contact: CUI Yongli E-mail:cuiyongli@cumt.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the China University of Mining and Technology's National Key Support Program for Undergraduate Innovation Training Project(S202510290276);the Open Sharing Fund for the Large-scale Instruments and Equipments of China University of Mining and Technology(DYGX-2025-62)

Abstract:

In this article, the electrolytes of mixed solvents for the hard carbon(HC) negative of sodium-ion batteries were designed, using sodium hexafluorophosphate(NaPF6) as the sodium salt and adding propylene carbonate(PC) and dimethyl carbonate(DMC) in an ethylene carbonate(EC) based solvent. The effect and mechanism of different solvent synergistic combinations on the electrochemical performance of HC negative were explored. The sodium solvation structure and the diffusion coefficient of sodium ions in the electrolyte were analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation(MD). The electrochemical performance of HC negative electrode in EC based electrolyte was compared and analyzed through conductivity tests, charge-discharge tests, cycling performance tests, and rate capability tests. The kinetic behavior of sodium ions storage was also analyzed by cyclic voltammetry(CV), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The surface morphology and composition of HC anodes before and after cycling were made by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), and so on. As a result, the synergistic effect of DMC and PC can significantly improve the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and diffusion coefficient of sodium ions in electrolyte, optimize the solvation structure, reduce organic by-products and increase anion coordination, promote the generation of inorganic substances in the solid electrolyte interface(SEI) film, effectively reduce the SEI film impedance and charge transfer impedance, and improve the diffusion coefficient of sodium ions in HC. Therefore, the HC anode achieves 362.0 mA·h/g initial capacity, in the 1 mol/L NaPF6-EC/PC/DMC electrolyte at 50 mA/g, and the capacity decays to 353.4 mA·h/g with a capacity retention rate of 97.6% after 50 cycles demonstrating superior rate capability and cycling performance. Thereby, EC/PC/DMC mixed solvents are one of the most promising solvents for the HC anode of sodium ion batteries.

Key words: Sodium ion battery, Electrolyte, Solvent, Electrochemical performance, Hard carbon anode

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