高等学校化学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (9): 20260187.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20260187
收稿日期:2026-05-07
出版日期:2026-09-10
发布日期:2026-05-26
通讯作者:
谢奎
E-mail:xiekui@sjtu.edu.cn
基金资助:Received:2026-05-07
Online:2026-09-10
Published:2026-05-26
Contact:
XIE Kui
E-mail:xiekui@sjtu.edu.cn
Supported by:摘要:
多孔材料和单晶材料在现代科学技术中均具有重要应用价值. 若能在宏观尺寸单晶中引入孔隙, 有望获得兼具开放孔结构和连续单晶骨架的新型材料, 即宏观尺寸单晶多孔材料. 其连续单晶骨架保持长程有序晶体结构, 可有效减少晶界对传输过程和结构稳定性的影响, 同时孔隙结构可提供传质通道和可接触内表面. 然而, 传统晶体生长过程通常趋向于致密化, 孔隙往往被视为夹杂或缺陷, 因此在单晶中可控引入孔结构仍面临本征挑战. 本文围绕基于“固-固相变”的晶格重构策略展开综述, 重点讨论高密度单晶母相经特定组分脱除、 晶格重排和相变界面迁移后, 原位转化为低密度目标相单晶骨架并形成孔隙结构的基本机制. 进一步结合二氧化钛和二氧化铈等典型氧化物体系, 分析了母相晶向、 组成、 相对密度变化和热处理条件对晶面取向、 孔隙率、 孔径及表面结构的调控作用. 最后, 以光电化学能源转化为例, 探讨了连续单晶骨架、 三维连通孔道和可调缺陷结构之间的协同效应, 并展望了该类材料在电子-声子输运解耦、 同位素分离等结构敏感型功能过程中的潜在应用前景.
中图分类号:
TrendMD:
刘少芳, 谢奎. 宏观尺寸单晶多孔材料. 高等学校化学学报, 2026, 47(9): 20260187.
LIU Shaofang, XIE Kui. Macroscopic Porous Single-crystalline Materials. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2026, 47(9): 20260187.
| Method | Typical route | Advantage | Limitation | Retention of single-crystalline skeleton | Formation of 3D interconnected pore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid-solid/gas-solid single-crystal growth | Melt, solution, and vapor growth | High-quality dense single crystal | Difficult to introduce internal interconnected pores | Relatively easy | Relatively difficult |
| Conventional porous-material fabrication | Templating, sintering, and phase separation | High porosity and specific surface area | Skeletons are typically polycrystalline, nanocrystalline, or amorphous | Relatively difficult | Relatively easy |
| Post-etching of single crystals | Chemical and electrochemical etching | Surface roughening and pore formation | Limited pore penetration; possible lattice damage | Partially retained | Limited |
| Solid-solid transformation-driven lattice reconstruction | KTP⁃TiO2, CeBr3/CePO4⁃CeO2 etc. | Coupled phase transformation, pore formation, and orientation inheritance | Depends on precursor design, transformation kinetics, and lattice matching | Relatively easy | Relatively easy |
Table 1 Comparison of conventional single-crystal growth, porous-material fabrication, and solid-solid phase-transformation-induced lattice reconstruction strategies
| Method | Typical route | Advantage | Limitation | Retention of single-crystalline skeleton | Formation of 3D interconnected pore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid-solid/gas-solid single-crystal growth | Melt, solution, and vapor growth | High-quality dense single crystal | Difficult to introduce internal interconnected pores | Relatively easy | Relatively difficult |
| Conventional porous-material fabrication | Templating, sintering, and phase separation | High porosity and specific surface area | Skeletons are typically polycrystalline, nanocrystalline, or amorphous | Relatively difficult | Relatively easy |
| Post-etching of single crystals | Chemical and electrochemical etching | Surface roughening and pore formation | Limited pore penetration; possible lattice damage | Partially retained | Limited |
| Solid-solid transformation-driven lattice reconstruction | KTP⁃TiO2, CeBr3/CePO4⁃CeO2 etc. | Coupled phase transformation, pore formation, and orientation inheritance | Depends on precursor design, transformation kinetics, and lattice matching | Relatively easy | Relatively easy |
Fig.1 Schematic illustration of the formation of macroscopic porous single⁃crystalline materials via solid⁃solid phase⁃transformation⁃driven lattice reconstructionA single-crystalline mother phase undergoes selective component removal or element substitution, followed by phase-boundary migration and lattice reconstruction, ultimately forming a porous single crystal with a continuous single-crystalline skeleton and interconnected pores.
Fig.2 Calculated energies for the transformation process of KTP to PSC TiO2[14](A) Defect formation energies(Edefect) for various configurations on the pristine KTP(100) surface; (B) Ti-O framework configurations containing P, K, and O defects; (C) anatase TiO2(101) surface.Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Fig.3 Structural evolution from KTP to PSC TiO2 revealed by in situ TEM, showing atomic⁃scale changes and pore formation at different temperatures[14](A) Schematic illustration of the lattice reconstruction from (11-20)-oriented CeBr3 to (200)-oriented CeO2; (B) SEM image and corresponding XRD pattern of the resulting (200)-oriented CeO2 single crystal; (C) corresponding selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern; (D) schematic illustration of the lattice reconstruction from (0001)-oriented CeBr3 to (220)-oriented CeO2;(E) SEM image and corresponding XRD pattern of the resulting (220)-oriented CeO2 single crystal; (F) corresponding SAED pattern; (G) schematic illustration of the lattice reconstruction from (1-100)-oriented CeBr3 to (111)-oriented CeO2; (H) SEM image and corresponding XRD pattern of the resulting (111)-oriented CeO2 single crystal; (I) Corresponding SAED pattern.Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Fig.4 In situ TEM characterization of the transformation from KTP to TiO2[14](A) SEM image of the(100) KTP slice prepared for in situ TEM characterization; (B) TEM image of a TiO2 cluster evolved on the KTP lattice surface at 750 ℃; (C) Schematic illustration of the atomic arrangement and epitaxial relationship at the interface between (131) TiO2 and c-axis KTP; (D—I) In situ TEM images capturing the conversion process of KTP to TiO2 at 850 ℃ at different moments.Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH..
Fig.5 Structural characteristics of KTP substrates with different crystallographic orientations and the resulting morphologies of the derived PSC[15](A—C) XRD patterns of the a⁃axis, b⁃axis, and c⁃axis oriented KTP substrates, respectively.(D—F) Crystal structure models of KTP viewed along the corresponding crystallographic axis. The light blue, pink, grey, and red spheres represent Ti, P, K, and O atoms, respectively.(G—I) SEM images of the PSC grown on the a⁃axis, b⁃axis, and c⁃axis KTP substrates, respectively. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.
Fig.6 Growth mechanism and structural characterization of mesoporous CeO2 single crystals derived from CeBr3 substrates[41](A) Schematic illustration of the lattice reconstruction from (11-20)-oriented CeBr3 to (200)-oriented CeO2; (B) SEM image and corresponding XRD pattern of the resulting (200)-oriented CeO2 single crystal; (C) corresponding selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern; (D) schematic illustration of the lattice reconstruction from (0001)-oriented CeBr3 to (220)-oriented CeO2; (E) SEM image and corresponding XRD pattern of the resulting (220)-oriented CeO2 single crystal; (F) corresponding SAED pattern; (G) schematic illustration of the lattice reconstruction from (1-100)-oriented CeBr3 to (111)-oriented CeO2; (H) SEM image and corresponding XRD pattern of the resulting (111)-oriented CeO2 single crystal; (I) corresponding SAED pattern.Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Fig.7 Microstructural and three-dimensional pore characterization of centimeter-scale mesoporous(200) CeO2 single-crystalline monoliths[41](A) TEM and SAED(inset) characterization; (B) 3D pore reconstruction; (C) pore size and throat length distribution; (D, E) enlarged HRTEM images; (F) atomic⁃scale stacking features in the STEM.Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Fig.8 Physical properties and photoelectrochemical performance of the PSC Ti n O2n-1[15](A) Transient absorption decay profiles; (B) ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra; (C) density of states for TiO2 and Ti9O17 Magnéli phase with Ti3+ interstitials. The Fermi levels are shown as vertical lines; (D) linear sweep voltammetry(LSV) curves of PSC Ti n O2n-1 photoanodes in 1 mol/L NaOH electrolyte(pH = 13.6). The three-electrode setup was utilized with Ti n O2n-1 as the working electrode, Pt as the counter electrode, and Hg/Hg2Cl2 as the reference at a scan rate of 20 mV/s; (E) photocurrent enhancement intensity: comparison of photocurrent densities at 1.23 V bias under simulated sunlight up to 50 AM 1.5G. P-SC Ti9O17 significantly outperforms nonporous single-crystalline(N-SC) Ti9O17 and nonporous polycrystalline(NPC) TiO2. Error bars denote the standard deviation from repeated measurements; (F) benzene conversion rates and phenol yields achieved using PSC Ti n O2n-1 photoanodes.Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.
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