Chem. J. Chinese Universities ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (3): 20250333.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20250333
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HE Yutong1, LI Hanxi2, FAN Xiaoyan3, YU Meihui2(
), ZHANG Jijie2
Received:2025-11-04
Online:2026-03-10
Published:2025-12-25
Contact:
YU Meihui
E-mail:mh@nankai.edu.cn
Supported by:CLC Number:
TrendMD:
HE Yutong, LI Hanxi, FAN Xiaoyan, YU Meihui, ZHANG Jijie. Research Progress of MOF-SACs in Water Splitting for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction[J]. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2026, 47(3): 20250333.
| Photocatalyst | Single⁃atom | Loading | Light source | Sacrificial reagent | Photocatalytic activity | Stability | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al⁃TCPP⁃Pt | Pt | 0.07% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (>380 nm) | TEOA | 129 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No Noticeable change during four runs | [ |
| MOF⁃808⁃EDTA⁃Pt | Pt | 0.98% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (>420 nm) | TEOA Eosin Y | 68.33 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The Activity is kept after five cycles | [ |
| PCN⁃222(Pt) | Pt | 4.67%(mass loading) | 300 W Xe lamp (≥420 nm) | TEOA | 614 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Photoactivity remains at 99%, 95%, and 93% in subsequent second, third and fourth cycles | [ |
| TMF⁃Pt | Pt | 8.9% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (>420 nm) | Ascorbic acid(AH2, 1 mol/L) | 15456 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Photocatalytic hydrogen release rate hardly decreased after three cycles(15 h) | [ |
| M⁃SAs@Pd⁃PCN⁃222⁃NH2 | Pt | 0.2% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (≥420 nm) | Triisopropanolamine | 16591 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The high reactivity is well⁃maintained for seven runs | [ |
| PtSA⁃MNSs | Pt | 12.0% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (>420 nm) | Ascorbic acid | 11320 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | 93% of the initial activity retained after four cycles with 5 h for each cycle | [ |
| Ti⁃MOF@P⁃Pt₁ | Pt | 1.20% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xenon lamp (≥400 nm) | TEOA | 4193 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | A slight activity decrease after six cycles | [ |
| TMF⁃Pt | Pt | — | 300 W Xenon lamp (>420 nm) | 1 mol/L Ascorbic acid | 33185.66 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The three⁃cycle test results were basically the same | [ |
| Pt@ MIL⁃125⁃NH2 ⁃TiO2nanotubes | Pt | 0.54% (atomic fraction) | 150 W Xe arc lamp with a Cornerstone motorized 1/8m monochromator | Water/ethanol=50∶50 Nafion slurry that placed on a carbon electrode | 0.943 mL/h | 100% Retention of the stability over the entire test period of 168 h | [ |
| 0.45%(atomic fraction) | 1.472 mL/h | 80% of the activity has been lost after 168 h | [ | ||||
| NH2⁃MIL⁃125⁃PtN2 | Pt | 0.78% (mass fraction) | Xe lamp with full⁃spectrum light (290 mW/cm2) | Triethanolamine | 7.608 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | In three stability tests lasting up to 12 h each, the activity exhibited minimal decline | [ |
| CdS@PCN⁃222(Pt) | Pt | — | 300 W Xe lamp (λ≥420 nm) | Lactic acid | 71645 μmol∙g | A slight activity decrease during 25 h | [ |
| Photocatalyst | Single⁃atom | Loading | Light source | Sacrificial reagent | Photocatalytic activity | Stability | Ref. |
| TiO2/Ti⁃BPDC⁃Pt | Pt | 1.8% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (420—760 nm) | TEOA | 12.4 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The efficiency is almost identical in the three cycles | [ |
| M1/SnO2/UiO⁃66⁃NH2 | Pt | 1.35% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xenon lamp(>380 nm) | TEA | 2167 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No noticeable activity drop occurs in 6 h | [ |
| Pd⁃TCPP | Pd | 0.89%(atomicfraction) | 450 nm LED (500 mW/cm2) | Ascorbic acid (0.1 mol/L) | 21.3 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | High stability after 24 h illumination for all wavelengths of 405, 450, 520, and 532 nm | [ |
| Ultra⁃thin 2D Ti⁃MOF⁃Pd | Pd | 2.79% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xenon lamp(>420 nm) | Ascorbic acid | 1.32 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The hydrogen evolution rate only slightly decreased after five cycles(25 h) | [ |
| Ru1/UiO⁃67⁃o⁃(NH2)2 | Ru | 1.1% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xenon lamp(>380 nm) | Ethanol 5% (mass fraction) Nafion solution | 20.52 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No noticeable degradation is observed in the three consecutive cycles | [ |
| CdS/Fe⁃MOF⁃525 | Fe | 0.17% (mass ratio) | 300 W Xenon lamp(>420 nm) | TEOA or lactic acid | 3638.6 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Retained the H2 evolution amount of ca. 90.1% after five cycles(25 h) | [ |
| UiO⁃66⁃NH2MOF⁃Ni SACs⁃PDA | Ni | 2.8% (mass fraction) | Xenon lamp of 300 W power | TEA | 0.63 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The catalytic activity and crystallinity were retained for at least 3 cycles | [ |
| Ni1⁃S/UiO⁃66⁃NH2 | Ni | >4% (mass fraction) | Xe lamp (>380 nm) | TEA | 1360 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The good activity can be well maintained for at least six cycles with intact crystallinity(12 h) | [ |
| CdS/UiO⁃Ni⁃S⁃CF3 | Ni | ca. 5% (mass fraction) | Xe lamp (>380 nm) | Lactic acid | 1.87 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | That activity can be maintained in at least three cycles with retained crystallinity(12 h) | [ |
| CoPOH/MIL | Co | 1.422% (mass fraction) | Xe lamp (>385 nm) | TEA | 6.6 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Maintaining its activity over six cycles(12 h) | [ |
| HNTM⁃Ir/Pt | Ir/Pt | Ir:1.05%(mass loading) Pt:2.54%(mass loading) | 300 W Xe lamp (>400 nm) | TEOA | 201.9 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No noticeable activity⁃decreasing occurs during the three catalytic runs | [ |
| Pd10@Pt1/UiO⁃66⁃NH2 | Pd10@Pt1 | — | Xe lamp (>380 nm) | Triethylamine | 1200.5 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Its activity does not present obvious decay in five consecutive runs and a continued test for 25 h | [ |
| Au@PCN⁃222(Pt) | Pt | — | Solar simulator(Abet 103 with light intensity fixed at 150 mW/cm2) | TEOA | 1015 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No significant change after 4 cycles | [ |
Table 1 Photocatalytic water splitting performance of MOF-SACs in different reaction environments
| Photocatalyst | Single⁃atom | Loading | Light source | Sacrificial reagent | Photocatalytic activity | Stability | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al⁃TCPP⁃Pt | Pt | 0.07% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (>380 nm) | TEOA | 129 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No Noticeable change during four runs | [ |
| MOF⁃808⁃EDTA⁃Pt | Pt | 0.98% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (>420 nm) | TEOA Eosin Y | 68.33 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The Activity is kept after five cycles | [ |
| PCN⁃222(Pt) | Pt | 4.67%(mass loading) | 300 W Xe lamp (≥420 nm) | TEOA | 614 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Photoactivity remains at 99%, 95%, and 93% in subsequent second, third and fourth cycles | [ |
| TMF⁃Pt | Pt | 8.9% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (>420 nm) | Ascorbic acid(AH2, 1 mol/L) | 15456 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Photocatalytic hydrogen release rate hardly decreased after three cycles(15 h) | [ |
| M⁃SAs@Pd⁃PCN⁃222⁃NH2 | Pt | 0.2% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (≥420 nm) | Triisopropanolamine | 16591 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The high reactivity is well⁃maintained for seven runs | [ |
| PtSA⁃MNSs | Pt | 12.0% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (>420 nm) | Ascorbic acid | 11320 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | 93% of the initial activity retained after four cycles with 5 h for each cycle | [ |
| Ti⁃MOF@P⁃Pt₁ | Pt | 1.20% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xenon lamp (≥400 nm) | TEOA | 4193 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | A slight activity decrease after six cycles | [ |
| TMF⁃Pt | Pt | — | 300 W Xenon lamp (>420 nm) | 1 mol/L Ascorbic acid | 33185.66 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The three⁃cycle test results were basically the same | [ |
| Pt@ MIL⁃125⁃NH2 ⁃TiO2nanotubes | Pt | 0.54% (atomic fraction) | 150 W Xe arc lamp with a Cornerstone motorized 1/8m monochromator | Water/ethanol=50∶50 Nafion slurry that placed on a carbon electrode | 0.943 mL/h | 100% Retention of the stability over the entire test period of 168 h | [ |
| 0.45%(atomic fraction) | 1.472 mL/h | 80% of the activity has been lost after 168 h | [ | ||||
| NH2⁃MIL⁃125⁃PtN2 | Pt | 0.78% (mass fraction) | Xe lamp with full⁃spectrum light (290 mW/cm2) | Triethanolamine | 7.608 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | In three stability tests lasting up to 12 h each, the activity exhibited minimal decline | [ |
| CdS@PCN⁃222(Pt) | Pt | — | 300 W Xe lamp (λ≥420 nm) | Lactic acid | 71645 μmol∙g | A slight activity decrease during 25 h | [ |
| Photocatalyst | Single⁃atom | Loading | Light source | Sacrificial reagent | Photocatalytic activity | Stability | Ref. |
| TiO2/Ti⁃BPDC⁃Pt | Pt | 1.8% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xe lamp (420—760 nm) | TEOA | 12.4 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The efficiency is almost identical in the three cycles | [ |
| M1/SnO2/UiO⁃66⁃NH2 | Pt | 1.35% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xenon lamp(>380 nm) | TEA | 2167 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No noticeable activity drop occurs in 6 h | [ |
| Pd⁃TCPP | Pd | 0.89%(atomicfraction) | 450 nm LED (500 mW/cm2) | Ascorbic acid (0.1 mol/L) | 21.3 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | High stability after 24 h illumination for all wavelengths of 405, 450, 520, and 532 nm | [ |
| Ultra⁃thin 2D Ti⁃MOF⁃Pd | Pd | 2.79% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xenon lamp(>420 nm) | Ascorbic acid | 1.32 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The hydrogen evolution rate only slightly decreased after five cycles(25 h) | [ |
| Ru1/UiO⁃67⁃o⁃(NH2)2 | Ru | 1.1% (mass fraction) | 300 W Xenon lamp(>380 nm) | Ethanol 5% (mass fraction) Nafion solution | 20.52 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No noticeable degradation is observed in the three consecutive cycles | [ |
| CdS/Fe⁃MOF⁃525 | Fe | 0.17% (mass ratio) | 300 W Xenon lamp(>420 nm) | TEOA or lactic acid | 3638.6 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Retained the H2 evolution amount of ca. 90.1% after five cycles(25 h) | [ |
| UiO⁃66⁃NH2MOF⁃Ni SACs⁃PDA | Ni | 2.8% (mass fraction) | Xenon lamp of 300 W power | TEA | 0.63 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The catalytic activity and crystallinity were retained for at least 3 cycles | [ |
| Ni1⁃S/UiO⁃66⁃NH2 | Ni | >4% (mass fraction) | Xe lamp (>380 nm) | TEA | 1360 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | The good activity can be well maintained for at least six cycles with intact crystallinity(12 h) | [ |
| CdS/UiO⁃Ni⁃S⁃CF3 | Ni | ca. 5% (mass fraction) | Xe lamp (>380 nm) | Lactic acid | 1.87 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | That activity can be maintained in at least three cycles with retained crystallinity(12 h) | [ |
| CoPOH/MIL | Co | 1.422% (mass fraction) | Xe lamp (>385 nm) | TEA | 6.6 mmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Maintaining its activity over six cycles(12 h) | [ |
| HNTM⁃Ir/Pt | Ir/Pt | Ir:1.05%(mass loading) Pt:2.54%(mass loading) | 300 W Xe lamp (>400 nm) | TEOA | 201.9 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No noticeable activity⁃decreasing occurs during the three catalytic runs | [ |
| Pd10@Pt1/UiO⁃66⁃NH2 | Pd10@Pt1 | — | Xe lamp (>380 nm) | Triethylamine | 1200.5 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | Its activity does not present obvious decay in five consecutive runs and a continued test for 25 h | [ |
| Au@PCN⁃222(Pt) | Pt | — | Solar simulator(Abet 103 with light intensity fixed at 150 mW/cm2) | TEOA | 1015 µmol∙g-1∙h-1 | No significant change after 4 cycles | [ |
| Electrocatalyst | Single⁃ atom | Loading (mass fraction) | Electrolyte | Overpotential (10 mA/cm2) | Tafel slope | Stability | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiRu0.13⁃BDC | Ru | 0.13% | 1 mol/L Phosphate buffered saline solution | 36 mV | 32 mV/dec | Good stability with a negligible current decrease after 30 h test | [ |
| Co⁃BPDC⁃Ru Sas | Ru | — | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 37 mV | 73.22 mV/dec | Steadily work for 300 h at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 | [ |
| RuCo⁃CAT | Ru doping | 0.9% | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 38 mV | 32.1 mV/dec | Current retention of 93.1% at 10 mA/cm2 for 100 h | [ |
| CoIr⁃BDC(terephthalic acid) | Ir doping | — | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 39 mV | 35 mV/dec | — | [ |
| MOF⁃MoSAWSA | Mo W | Mo: 0.43%, W: 0.90% | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 57 mV | 82.4 mV/dec | Only 1% decay in current densities after a 50 h operation | [ |
| {Cu(NH4)2NiMo6O24H6}@HKUST⁃1 | Ni | 2.93% | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 100.03 mV | 76.9 mV/dec | Slight increase in overpotential and slight decrease in the activity after 48 h test | [ |
Table 2 HER performance of hybrid catalysts in different reaction environments
| Electrocatalyst | Single⁃ atom | Loading (mass fraction) | Electrolyte | Overpotential (10 mA/cm2) | Tafel slope | Stability | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiRu0.13⁃BDC | Ru | 0.13% | 1 mol/L Phosphate buffered saline solution | 36 mV | 32 mV/dec | Good stability with a negligible current decrease after 30 h test | [ |
| Co⁃BPDC⁃Ru Sas | Ru | — | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 37 mV | 73.22 mV/dec | Steadily work for 300 h at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 | [ |
| RuCo⁃CAT | Ru doping | 0.9% | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 38 mV | 32.1 mV/dec | Current retention of 93.1% at 10 mA/cm2 for 100 h | [ |
| CoIr⁃BDC(terephthalic acid) | Ir doping | — | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 39 mV | 35 mV/dec | — | [ |
| MOF⁃MoSAWSA | Mo W | Mo: 0.43%, W: 0.90% | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 57 mV | 82.4 mV/dec | Only 1% decay in current densities after a 50 h operation | [ |
| {Cu(NH4)2NiMo6O24H6}@HKUST⁃1 | Ni | 2.93% | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 100.03 mV | 76.9 mV/dec | Slight increase in overpotential and slight decrease in the activity after 48 h test | [ |
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