高等学校化学学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (4): 736.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20150681
收稿日期:
2015-08-28
出版日期:
2016-04-10
发布日期:
2016-03-16
基金资助:
WANG Wenliang, GENG Jing, LI Lufei, CHANG Jianmin*()
Received:
2015-08-28
Online:
2016-04-10
Published:
2016-03-16
Contact:
CHANG Jianmin
E-mail:cjianmin168@126.com
摘要:
以具备丰富中孔和大孔结构的快速热解炭(FPC) 为载体, 采用共浸渍法制备了不同Cu/Zn摩尔比的CuxZny/FPC负载型催化剂. 采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、 高分辨场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)及电子能谱仪(EDX) 对催化剂进行了表征, 采用热重分析仪(TG)和热解气质联用仪(Py-GC/MS) 评价了催化剂对碱木质素热裂解生成单酚类化合物的催化性能. 结果表明, 催化剂活性组分CuO和ZnO晶相结构均一, 很好地嵌入到FPC中孔和大孔结构中, 未发生聚集状态或生成CuZn合金; 随着Cu或Zn金属负载量的增大, 相应的Cu或Zn金属氧化物衍射峰强度逐渐增强, 平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增大. 热重分析结果表明, 催化剂降低了碱木质素热裂解残炭率和反应活化能, 提高了热裂解反应效率. 热解气质联用分析表明, CuxZny/FPC催化剂大幅度简化了碱木质素热裂解单酚类化合物种类(从23种减少到了10种), Cu0.67Zn0.33/FPC对单酚类化合物表现出最大的选择性(52.99%), 与Cu/FPC相比选择性增加49.7%.
中图分类号:
TrendMD:
王文亮, 耿晶, 李露霏, 常建民. 快速热解炭负载Cu-Zn对碱木质素热裂解生成单酚类化合物的催化性能. 高等学校化学学报, 2016, 37(4): 736.
WANG Wenliang, GENG Jing, LI Lufei, CHANG Jianmin. Catalytic Properties of Fast Pyrolysis Char Loaded with Cu-Zn on Alkali Lignin Pyrolysis for Monophenols†. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2016, 37(4): 736.
Sample | Ultimate analysisa(mass fraction, %) | Proximate analysisc(mass fraction, %) | BET surface aread/ (m2·g-1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | Ob | N | S | A | V | FCb | ||
Alkali lignin | 62.40 | 6.14 | 29.43 | 0.26 | 1.77 | 6.21 | 66.43 | 27.36 | |
FPC | 9.04 | 19.39 | 71.57 | 307.56±12.33 |
Table 1 Basic analyses of alkali lignin and FPC
Sample | Ultimate analysisa(mass fraction, %) | Proximate analysisc(mass fraction, %) | BET surface aread/ (m2·g-1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | Ob | N | S | A | V | FCb | ||
Alkali lignin | 62.40 | 6.14 | 29.43 | 0.26 | 1.77 | 6.21 | 66.43 | 27.36 | |
FPC | 9.04 | 19.39 | 71.57 | 307.56±12.33 |
Catalyst | D(CuO)/nm | D(ZnO)/nm | Catalyst | D(CuO)/nm | D(ZnO)/nm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu/FPC | 27.9 | Cu0.33Zn0.67/FPC | 18.8 | 38.3 | |
Cu0.67Zn0.33/FPC | 26.0 | 32.1 | Zn/FPC | 43.0 | |
Cu0.50Zn0.50/FPC | 25.8 | 33.3 |
Table 2 Average crystal sizes of CuO and ZnO in catalysts
Catalyst | D(CuO)/nm | D(ZnO)/nm | Catalyst | D(CuO)/nm | D(ZnO)/nm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu/FPC | 27.9 | Cu0.33Zn0.67/FPC | 18.8 | 38.3 | |
Cu0.67Zn0.33/FPC | 26.0 | 32.1 | Zn/FPC | 43.0 | |
Cu0.50Zn0.50/FPC | 25.8 | 33.3 |
Sample | Ts/℃ | Tmax/℃ | w(%) | E/(kJ·mol-1) | A/min-1 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin | 268—463 | 326 | 53.7 | 35.4 | 86.7 | 0.977 |
670—779 | 161.3 | 8.5×108 | 0.958 | |||
Cu | 267—463 | 343 | 48.4 | 29.2 | 19.8 | 0.988 |
669—765 | 134.4 | 2.7×107 | 0.964 | |||
Cu0.67Zn0.33 | 267—463 | 349 | 49.4 | 29.9 | 21.5 | 0.985 |
670—765 | 135.0 | 2.3×107 | 0.952 | |||
Cu0.50Zn0.50 | 268—463 | 345 | 47.5 | 27.9 | 14.5 | 0.984 |
669—764 | 111.7 | 8.8×105 | 0.927 | |||
Cu0.33Zn0.67 | 268—462 | 350 | 48.4 | 29.5 | 19.7 | 0.985 |
670—765 | 113.7 | 1.2×106 | 0.940 | |||
Zn | 268—462 | 344 | 47.3 | 29.4 | 19.2 | 0.983 |
670—765 | 104.0 | 3.2×105 | 0.943 |
Table 3 Kinetic parameters of catalytic pyrolysis of alkali lignin*
Sample | Ts/℃ | Tmax/℃ | w(%) | E/(kJ·mol-1) | A/min-1 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin | 268—463 | 326 | 53.7 | 35.4 | 86.7 | 0.977 |
670—779 | 161.3 | 8.5×108 | 0.958 | |||
Cu | 267—463 | 343 | 48.4 | 29.2 | 19.8 | 0.988 |
669—765 | 134.4 | 2.7×107 | 0.964 | |||
Cu0.67Zn0.33 | 267—463 | 349 | 49.4 | 29.9 | 21.5 | 0.985 |
670—765 | 135.0 | 2.3×107 | 0.952 | |||
Cu0.50Zn0.50 | 268—463 | 345 | 47.5 | 27.9 | 14.5 | 0.984 |
669—764 | 111.7 | 8.8×105 | 0.927 | |||
Cu0.33Zn0.67 | 268—462 | 350 | 48.4 | 29.5 | 19.7 | 0.985 |
670—765 | 113.7 | 1.2×106 | 0.940 | |||
Zn | 268—462 | 344 | 47.3 | 29.4 | 19.2 | 0.983 |
670—765 | 104.0 | 3.2×105 | 0.943 |
Fig.5 Total ion chromatograms of pyrolysis vapors of alkali lignin with catalysts^(A) Zn/FPC; (B) Cu0.33Zn0.67/FPC; (C) Cu0.50Zn0.50/FPC; (D) Cu0.67Zn0.33/FPC; (E) Cu/FPC; (F) Lignin.
No. | Compound | Relative content(area)(%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin | Cu | Cu0.67Zn0.33 | Cu0.5Zn0.5 | Cu0.33Zn0.67 | Zn | ||||||||
Phenols | 7.32 | 4.93 | 4.46 | 3.79 | 1.97 | 1.15 | |||||||
1 | Phenol | 1.53 | 4.30 | 3.89 | 3.16 | 1.97 | 1.15 | ||||||
2 | o-Cresol | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.63 | ||||||||
3 | p-Cresol | 0.69 | |||||||||||
4 | 3-Ethoxyphenol | 1.88 | |||||||||||
5 | 4-Methylcatechol | 1.77 | |||||||||||
6 | 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | 0.58 | |||||||||||
7 | 5-tert-Butylpyrogallol | 0.25 | |||||||||||
Guaiacols | 39.61 | 28.08 | 44.88 | 41.80 | 41.36 | 42.07 | |||||||
8 | Guaiacol | 13.74 | 17.82 | 25.26 | 21.98 | 24.77 | 25.84 | ||||||
9 | Isocreosol | 0.96 | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.12 | ||||||
10 | Creosol | 2.83 | 3.06 | 3.32 | 3.21 | 3.03 | 3.25 | ||||||
11 | 3-Methoxycatechol | 0.55 | |||||||||||
12 | 4-Ethylguaiacol | 1.70 | 1.56 | 3.10 | 2.71 | 1.97 | 2.49 | ||||||
13 | 4-Acetyl-3-methylphenol | 2.51 | |||||||||||
14 | 4-Vinylguaiacol | 1.30 | 1.82 | 2.58 | 1.85 | 1.86 | |||||||
15 | 2-Methoxyquinol | 0.45 | |||||||||||
16 | Vanillin | 9.29 | 2.74 | 8.67 | 8.66 | 8.62 | 7.51 | ||||||
17 | (E)-Isoeugenol | 1.29 | |||||||||||
18 | Acetovanillone | 2.77 | 0.45 | 1.62 | 1.55 | ||||||||
19 | Guaiacylacetone | 1.04 | |||||||||||
20 | Homovanillic acid | 2.48 | |||||||||||
Syringols | 4.93 | 2.39 | 3.65 | 3.80 | 3.14 | 3.48 | |||||||
21 | Syringol | 4.10 | 2.39 | 3.65 | 3.80 | 3.14 | 3.48 | ||||||
22 | Syringaldehyde | 0.39 | |||||||||||
23 | Syringone | 0.44 | |||||||||||
Alcohols | 10.63 | 17.09 | 19.02 | 16.80 | 18.85 | 21.33 | |||||||
24 | Methanol | 8.75 | 17.09 | 18.53 | 16.54 | 18.85 | 21.33 | ||||||
25 | Dimethylhexanol | 0.49 | 0.26 | ||||||||||
26 | 1-Dodecanol | 0.52 | |||||||||||
27 | Pentadecanol | 0.44 | |||||||||||
28 | Nonadecanol | 0.92 | |||||||||||
Ethers | 6.17 | 6.86 | 8.54 | 7.76 | 8.38 | 6.89 | |||||||
29 | Methylvanillin | 2.61 | 1.51 | 3.36 | 3.38 | 4.47 | 2.72 | ||||||
30 | 4-Vinylveratrole | 0.45 | |||||||||||
31 | Anisole | 0.35 | |||||||||||
32 | Veratrole | 1.92 | 3.51 | 3.05 | 2.92 | 2.97 | 3.35 | ||||||
33 | Homoveratrole | 0.58 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.82 | ||||||
34 | Triglycol monomethyl ether | 1.23 | 0.63 | ||||||||||
35 | 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene | 0.25 | 0.32 | ||||||||||
36 | 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene | 0.36 | 0.19 | ||||||||||
No. | Compound | Relative content(area)(%) | |||||||||||
Lignin | Cu | Cu0.67Zn0.33 | Cu0.5Zn0.5 | Cu0.33Zn0.67 | Zn | ||||||||
Ketones | 1.77 | 0.59 | 2.54 | 2.29 | 2.28 | 2.30 | |||||||
37 | Acetone | 0.80 | 1.78 | 1.31 | 1.43 | 1.52 | |||||||
38 | Acetoveratrone | 0.97 | |||||||||||
39 | 2,4-Dimethoxyacetophenone | 0.59 | 0.76 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.78 | |||||||
Esters | 0.36 | 1.90 | 1.50 | 3.60 | 1.96 | 1.24 | |||||||
40 | Allyl acetate | 1.48 | |||||||||||
41 | Butyrolactone | 0.36 | |||||||||||
42 | Aceteugenol | 0.42 | 0.78 | 0.98 | 0.78 | ||||||||
43 | Diisobutyl phthalate | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.71 | 0.46 | ||||||||
44 | Dibutyl phthalate | 0.39 | |||||||||||
45 | Isopropyl Palmitate | 0.57 | |||||||||||
46 | Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | 1.09 | 1.25 | ||||||||||
Hydrocarbons | 0.25 | 1.64 | 2.15 | 2.79 | 4.33 | 1.37 | |||||||
47 | o-Cymene | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.28 | |||||||||
48 | 2,4-Dimethyl styrene | 0.29 | |||||||||||
49 | 1-Ethylidene-1H-indene | 0.42 | 0.68 | ||||||||||
50 | α-Cedrene | 0.51 | 2.15 | 1.83 | 4.33 | 1.37 | |||||||
Carboxylic acids | 5.96 | 1.28 | 2.54 | 3.36 | 1.37 | ||||||||
51 | Acetic acid | 0.40 | 1.28 | 0.72 | 0.87 | ||||||||
52 | Myristic acid | 0.75 | 0.50 | ||||||||||
53 | Pentadecylic acid | 0.66 | |||||||||||
54 | Petroselic acid | 1.07 | |||||||||||
55 | Palmitic acid | 2.57 | |||||||||||
56 | Tridecylic acid | 1.82 | 1.99 | 1.37 | |||||||||
57 | Oleic Acid | 0.51 | |||||||||||
Sulfur compounds | 23.00 | 35.24 | 10.72 | 14.01 | 16.36 | 20.17 | |||||||
58 | Methanethiol | 8.28 | |||||||||||
59 | Dimethyl sulfide | 12.76 | 24.31 | 6.79 | 8.68 | 10.13 | 11.68 | ||||||
60 | 2,3-Dithiabutane | 1.96 | 9.57 | 3.25 | 5.33 | 6.23 | 8.49 | ||||||
61 | 2,4-Dithiapentane | 1.36 | 0.68 |
Table 4 Main components of pyrolysis vapors of alkali lignin with catalysts
No. | Compound | Relative content(area)(%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin | Cu | Cu0.67Zn0.33 | Cu0.5Zn0.5 | Cu0.33Zn0.67 | Zn | ||||||||
Phenols | 7.32 | 4.93 | 4.46 | 3.79 | 1.97 | 1.15 | |||||||
1 | Phenol | 1.53 | 4.30 | 3.89 | 3.16 | 1.97 | 1.15 | ||||||
2 | o-Cresol | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.63 | ||||||||
3 | p-Cresol | 0.69 | |||||||||||
4 | 3-Ethoxyphenol | 1.88 | |||||||||||
5 | 4-Methylcatechol | 1.77 | |||||||||||
6 | 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | 0.58 | |||||||||||
7 | 5-tert-Butylpyrogallol | 0.25 | |||||||||||
Guaiacols | 39.61 | 28.08 | 44.88 | 41.80 | 41.36 | 42.07 | |||||||
8 | Guaiacol | 13.74 | 17.82 | 25.26 | 21.98 | 24.77 | 25.84 | ||||||
9 | Isocreosol | 0.96 | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.12 | ||||||
10 | Creosol | 2.83 | 3.06 | 3.32 | 3.21 | 3.03 | 3.25 | ||||||
11 | 3-Methoxycatechol | 0.55 | |||||||||||
12 | 4-Ethylguaiacol | 1.70 | 1.56 | 3.10 | 2.71 | 1.97 | 2.49 | ||||||
13 | 4-Acetyl-3-methylphenol | 2.51 | |||||||||||
14 | 4-Vinylguaiacol | 1.30 | 1.82 | 2.58 | 1.85 | 1.86 | |||||||
15 | 2-Methoxyquinol | 0.45 | |||||||||||
16 | Vanillin | 9.29 | 2.74 | 8.67 | 8.66 | 8.62 | 7.51 | ||||||
17 | (E)-Isoeugenol | 1.29 | |||||||||||
18 | Acetovanillone | 2.77 | 0.45 | 1.62 | 1.55 | ||||||||
19 | Guaiacylacetone | 1.04 | |||||||||||
20 | Homovanillic acid | 2.48 | |||||||||||
Syringols | 4.93 | 2.39 | 3.65 | 3.80 | 3.14 | 3.48 | |||||||
21 | Syringol | 4.10 | 2.39 | 3.65 | 3.80 | 3.14 | 3.48 | ||||||
22 | Syringaldehyde | 0.39 | |||||||||||
23 | Syringone | 0.44 | |||||||||||
Alcohols | 10.63 | 17.09 | 19.02 | 16.80 | 18.85 | 21.33 | |||||||
24 | Methanol | 8.75 | 17.09 | 18.53 | 16.54 | 18.85 | 21.33 | ||||||
25 | Dimethylhexanol | 0.49 | 0.26 | ||||||||||
26 | 1-Dodecanol | 0.52 | |||||||||||
27 | Pentadecanol | 0.44 | |||||||||||
28 | Nonadecanol | 0.92 | |||||||||||
Ethers | 6.17 | 6.86 | 8.54 | 7.76 | 8.38 | 6.89 | |||||||
29 | Methylvanillin | 2.61 | 1.51 | 3.36 | 3.38 | 4.47 | 2.72 | ||||||
30 | 4-Vinylveratrole | 0.45 | |||||||||||
31 | Anisole | 0.35 | |||||||||||
32 | Veratrole | 1.92 | 3.51 | 3.05 | 2.92 | 2.97 | 3.35 | ||||||
33 | Homoveratrole | 0.58 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.82 | ||||||
34 | Triglycol monomethyl ether | 1.23 | 0.63 | ||||||||||
35 | 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene | 0.25 | 0.32 | ||||||||||
36 | 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene | 0.36 | 0.19 | ||||||||||
No. | Compound | Relative content(area)(%) | |||||||||||
Lignin | Cu | Cu0.67Zn0.33 | Cu0.5Zn0.5 | Cu0.33Zn0.67 | Zn | ||||||||
Ketones | 1.77 | 0.59 | 2.54 | 2.29 | 2.28 | 2.30 | |||||||
37 | Acetone | 0.80 | 1.78 | 1.31 | 1.43 | 1.52 | |||||||
38 | Acetoveratrone | 0.97 | |||||||||||
39 | 2,4-Dimethoxyacetophenone | 0.59 | 0.76 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.78 | |||||||
Esters | 0.36 | 1.90 | 1.50 | 3.60 | 1.96 | 1.24 | |||||||
40 | Allyl acetate | 1.48 | |||||||||||
41 | Butyrolactone | 0.36 | |||||||||||
42 | Aceteugenol | 0.42 | 0.78 | 0.98 | 0.78 | ||||||||
43 | Diisobutyl phthalate | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.71 | 0.46 | ||||||||
44 | Dibutyl phthalate | 0.39 | |||||||||||
45 | Isopropyl Palmitate | 0.57 | |||||||||||
46 | Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | 1.09 | 1.25 | ||||||||||
Hydrocarbons | 0.25 | 1.64 | 2.15 | 2.79 | 4.33 | 1.37 | |||||||
47 | o-Cymene | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.28 | |||||||||
48 | 2,4-Dimethyl styrene | 0.29 | |||||||||||
49 | 1-Ethylidene-1H-indene | 0.42 | 0.68 | ||||||||||
50 | α-Cedrene | 0.51 | 2.15 | 1.83 | 4.33 | 1.37 | |||||||
Carboxylic acids | 5.96 | 1.28 | 2.54 | 3.36 | 1.37 | ||||||||
51 | Acetic acid | 0.40 | 1.28 | 0.72 | 0.87 | ||||||||
52 | Myristic acid | 0.75 | 0.50 | ||||||||||
53 | Pentadecylic acid | 0.66 | |||||||||||
54 | Petroselic acid | 1.07 | |||||||||||
55 | Palmitic acid | 2.57 | |||||||||||
56 | Tridecylic acid | 1.82 | 1.99 | 1.37 | |||||||||
57 | Oleic Acid | 0.51 | |||||||||||
Sulfur compounds | 23.00 | 35.24 | 10.72 | 14.01 | 16.36 | 20.17 | |||||||
58 | Methanethiol | 8.28 | |||||||||||
59 | Dimethyl sulfide | 12.76 | 24.31 | 6.79 | 8.68 | 10.13 | 11.68 | ||||||
60 | 2,3-Dithiabutane | 1.96 | 9.57 | 3.25 | 5.33 | 6.23 | 8.49 | ||||||
61 | 2,4-Dithiapentane | 1.36 | 0.68 |
Fig.6 Component distribution of pyrolysis vapors of alkali lignin with catalysts^a. Lignin; b. Cu; c. Cu0.67Zn0.33; d. Cu0.50Zn0.50; e. Cu0.33Zn0.67; f. Zn.
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