高等学校化学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 20220728.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20220728
收稿日期:
2022-11-19
出版日期:
2023-05-10
发布日期:
2023-01-06
通讯作者:
杨成浩
E-mail:esyangc@scut.edu.cn
基金资助:
Received:
2022-11-19
Online:
2023-05-10
Published:
2023-01-06
Contact:
YANG Chenghao
E-mail:esyangc@scut.edu.cn
Supported by:
摘要:
钠离子电池凭借着丰富的钠资源、 低廉的物料成本以及良好的低温性能等优势, 在储能领域与锂离子电池兼容互补. 因此, 加速推进钠离子电池商业化可以降低锂资源供应风险, 确保新能源行业的长期健康发展. 由于钠离子的半径较大, 而负极材料作为其插层的宿主材料, 对相关的设计和发展要求则更高. 目前, 硬炭材料是公认的钠离子电池负极材料的理想选择之一, 也是最有可能实现大规模商业化生产的负极材料. 本文以钠离子电池商业化的瓶颈作为切入点, 对硬炭的材料特点、 储钠机理及功能化设计策略进行了综合评述. 最后, 对这一技术领域的未来发展和挑战进行了展望.
中图分类号:
TrendMD:
杨翠云, 杨成浩. 钠离子电池硬炭负极材料的研究进展. 高等学校化学学报, 2023, 44(5): 20220728.
YANG Cuiyun, YANG Chenghao. Recent Progress of Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2023, 44(5): 20220728.
Fig.1 Schematic representation of the microstructure of the hard carbon and the main active sites with the ability to uptake of sodium ions(A)[11], and the theoretical energy cost for Na and Li⁃ions insertion into carbon as a function of carbon interlayer distance(B)[18](A) Copyright 2022, Wiley⁃VCH; (B) Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society.
Fig.2 The “intercalation⁃filling” model(A), the “adsorption⁃intercalation” model(B), the “adsorption⁃filling” model(C) and the “three⁃stage” model](D)[25]Copyright 2020, the authors.
Fig.4 Schematic illustration of the evolution of the microstructure, sodium storage mechanism and behavior with the pyrolysis temperature of HCs(A)[20], X⁃ray diffraction patterns recorded in situ on the first discharge of a cell based on a hard carbon anode(B)[34](A) Copyright 2019, Wiley⁃VCH; (B) Copyright 2016, Wiley⁃VCH.
HC | Advantage | Precursor | Capacity/ (mA·h·g-1) | Current density/ (mA·h·g-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D Carbon dots | High active materials' utilization; high specific surface area | D⁃(+)⁃glucose | 577.8 | 25 | [ |
1D Carbon fiber | High mechanical strength; long linear channel | Cotton | 315 | 30 | [ |
Silk fibers | 310 | 50 | [ | ||
Eggshell | 329.8 | 30 | [ | ||
2D Layered carbon | Excellent electrical conductivity; large d⁃spacing alleviates large volume change | Biomassbased gelatin | 260 | 200 | [ |
Bagasse | 220 | 25 | [ | ||
Pine sawdust | 264 | 100 | [ | ||
3D Bulky and spherical carbon | Ordered and interconnected porous structures; free⁃standing strucrure | Oatmeal | 320 | 50 | [ |
Sucrose | 279 | 30 | [ | ||
Onion | 225.7 | 50 | [ | ||
Starch | 200 | 100 | [ |
Table 1 Advantages of HC in different dimensions and application in SIBs
HC | Advantage | Precursor | Capacity/ (mA·h·g-1) | Current density/ (mA·h·g-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D Carbon dots | High active materials' utilization; high specific surface area | D⁃(+)⁃glucose | 577.8 | 25 | [ |
1D Carbon fiber | High mechanical strength; long linear channel | Cotton | 315 | 30 | [ |
Silk fibers | 310 | 50 | [ | ||
Eggshell | 329.8 | 30 | [ | ||
2D Layered carbon | Excellent electrical conductivity; large d⁃spacing alleviates large volume change | Biomassbased gelatin | 260 | 200 | [ |
Bagasse | 220 | 25 | [ | ||
Pine sawdust | 264 | 100 | [ | ||
3D Bulky and spherical carbon | Ordered and interconnected porous structures; free⁃standing strucrure | Oatmeal | 320 | 50 | [ |
Sucrose | 279 | 30 | [ | ||
Onion | 225.7 | 50 | [ | ||
Starch | 200 | 100 | [ |
Fig.5 Illustrations of the morphologies and structures of several biomass⁃derived HC(A—E)[32,64,65], illustration of the sulfur⁃rich hollow carbon spheres etched by template method(F)[68], enthalpy of formation of Na⁃GIC(NaC6) of graphite or EG with sodium metal(G)[70](A, B) Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH; (C, D) Copyright 2015, the Royal Society of Chemistry; (E) Copyright 2020, the Royal Society of Chemistry; (F) Copyright 2019, Wiley⁃VCH; (G) Copyright 2021, the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig.7 HRTEM images of natural graphite before cycling(A), after discharge(B), and after charge(C) with lattice distances in the samples[92]Copyright 2015, Wiley‐VCH.
Fig.8 Characteristics of SEI films formed by hard carbon materials in ester⁃based and ether⁃based electrolytes(A), depth⁃profiling XPS spectra of O1s and F1s of the formed SEI films in ethylene carbonate(EC)/diethyl carbonate(DEC)⁃based electrolyte and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME)⁃based electrolyte(B)[93]Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.
Fig.9 Ex situ Raman spectra at different discharge/charge states(A, B) and the SEM and TEM images of fully charged state after 50 cycles at 100 mA/g for HCs with different sulfur doped amounts(C, D)[97]
Fig.11 Comparison of the kinetics of desolvation and Na+ transport through the SEI in pristine ether electrolytes(A) and predesolvated electrolytes(B), schematic illustration of the step⁃by⁃step desolvation process(C)[104]Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.
Fig.12 AFM analysis of SEI formed in these two electrolytes, AFM height images of hard carbons harvested from pristine electrolytes(A) and predesolvated electrolytes(D), corresponding two⁃dimensional maps of elastic modulus(B, E), representative force⁃displacement curves of selected sites for the SEI formed in pristine electrolytes(C) and predesolvated electrolytes(F)[104]Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.
Fig.13 Cycling stability of HC electrode in pristine 1 mol/L NaPF6⁃G2 electrolytes and predesolvated electrolytes at a current density of 0.2 A/g[104]Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.
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