Chem. J. Chinese Universities ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 1377.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20200658
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JI Xiaohao1, WANG Zumin2, CHEN Xiaoyu1, YU Ranbo1()
Received:
2020-09-07
Online:
2021-05-10
Published:
2020-12-08
Contact:
YU Ranbo
E-mail:ranboyu@ustb.edu.cn
Supported by:
CLC Number:
TrendMD:
JI Xiaohao, WANG Zumin, CHEN Xiaoyu, YU Ranbo. Overview of Transition Metal Phosphide Catalysts and Hydrogen Production by Electrolyzed Water[J]. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2021, 42(5): 1377.
Transition metal compound | Typical material | Conductivity | Acid?base resistance | Synthesis procedure |
---|---|---|---|---|
TMDs | MoS2, WS2 | Good along the lamellar, poor in vertical direction | Only active in acid solution | Dangerous or complex exfoliation required |
TMOs | MoO2, Co3O4, WO3-x | Poor | Poor | Low temperature, low cost |
TMCs/TMNs | Mo2C, Mo2N | Good | Good | High temperature, incomplete reaction |
TMPs | Ni2P, CoP | Good | Good | Low temperature, special attention to air impermeability |
Alloy | NiMo | Good | Poor to medium | Always high temperature required |
Transition metal compound | Typical material | Conductivity | Acid?base resistance | Synthesis procedure |
---|---|---|---|---|
TMDs | MoS2, WS2 | Good along the lamellar, poor in vertical direction | Only active in acid solution | Dangerous or complex exfoliation required |
TMOs | MoO2, Co3O4, WO3-x | Poor | Poor | Low temperature, low cost |
TMCs/TMNs | Mo2C, Mo2N | Good | Good | High temperature, incomplete reaction |
TMPs | Ni2P, CoP | Good | Good | Low temperature, special attention to air impermeability |
Alloy | NiMo | Good | Poor to medium | Always high temperature required |
Synthesis system | Subdivision | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|
Solid phase synthesis | High temperature element direct reaction method, solid phase exchange reaction, metal oxide and phosphorus oxide co?reduction reaction | Professional experimental equipment is not demanding and no additional preparation process is required | The required temperature is relatively high(600―800 ℃); the product size is large, the reaction time is long, and strict sealing is required |
Vapor?solid reaction | Low temperature(300 ℃), simple equipment | The morphology of the product is limited by the morphology of the precursor, and most of the phosphorus source gas reactants are toxic and flammable | |
Vapor phase synthesis | Metal organic precursor pyrolysis method, chemical vapor deposition method | Temperature and reaction time are lower than solid phase synthesis | Released gases are toxic, and strict sealing is required |
Liquid phase synthesis | Liquid reflux method, solvothermal method, hydrothermal method | The reaction temperature is low (<400 ℃), no complicated experimental equipment is needed, and the product size, shape, composition and structure are controllable | More toxic and harmful organic solvents are used to release toxic gases and produce more waste liquid |
Other synthetic methods | Electrochemical method, microwave assisted method | Low temperature, fast reaction speed, less harmful products | The size, morphology and structure of the obtained product cannot be finely controlled |
Synthesis system | Subdivision | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|
Solid phase synthesis | High temperature element direct reaction method, solid phase exchange reaction, metal oxide and phosphorus oxide co?reduction reaction | Professional experimental equipment is not demanding and no additional preparation process is required | The required temperature is relatively high(600―800 ℃); the product size is large, the reaction time is long, and strict sealing is required |
Vapor?solid reaction | Low temperature(300 ℃), simple equipment | The morphology of the product is limited by the morphology of the precursor, and most of the phosphorus source gas reactants are toxic and flammable | |
Vapor phase synthesis | Metal organic precursor pyrolysis method, chemical vapor deposition method | Temperature and reaction time are lower than solid phase synthesis | Released gases are toxic, and strict sealing is required |
Liquid phase synthesis | Liquid reflux method, solvothermal method, hydrothermal method | The reaction temperature is low (<400 ℃), no complicated experimental equipment is needed, and the product size, shape, composition and structure are controllable | More toxic and harmful organic solvents are used to release toxic gases and produce more waste liquid |
Other synthetic methods | Electrochemical method, microwave assisted method | Low temperature, fast reaction speed, less harmful products | The size, morphology and structure of the obtained product cannot be finely controlled |
Catalyst | Precursor | Phosphorus source/ atmosphere | Temperature/℃ | Time/h | Tafel slope/ (mV·dec-1) | η10/mV | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni12P5 | Nickel(II) 2,4?pentanedionate | TPP/N2 | 300 | 0.5 | 63 | 110 | [ |
Ni2P | Ni(AC)2 | P(SiMe3)3/N2 | 180 | 1 | 41.4 | 78 | [ |
Ni2P | Ni | TOP | 320 | 2 | 68 | ― | [ |
Co2P | Co?tri?n?octylphosphine | TPP/N2 | 350 | 0.25 | 45 | 95 | [ |
Co2P | Co | TOP/Ar | 290 | 0.67 | 45 | 95 | [ |
Co | 330 | 1 | 50 | 75 | |||
Ni2P | Ni | P | 200 | 48 | 106.1 | 131 | [ |
MoP | Mo(CO)6 | TOP/Ar | 320 | 2 | 45 | 90 | [ |
Co2P | (CH3COO)2Co·4H2O | TPP/N2 | 370 | 0.17 | 51.7 | η20 =167 | [ |
CoP | Co(acac)2 | TOPO/Ar | 355―360 | 3 | 48 | 100 | [ |
Catalyst | Precursor | Phosphorus source/ atmosphere | Temperature/℃ | Time/h | Tafel slope/ (mV·dec-1) | η10/mV | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni12P5 | Nickel(II) 2,4?pentanedionate | TPP/N2 | 300 | 0.5 | 63 | 110 | [ |
Ni2P | Ni(AC)2 | P(SiMe3)3/N2 | 180 | 1 | 41.4 | 78 | [ |
Ni2P | Ni | TOP | 320 | 2 | 68 | ― | [ |
Co2P | Co?tri?n?octylphosphine | TPP/N2 | 350 | 0.25 | 45 | 95 | [ |
Co2P | Co | TOP/Ar | 290 | 0.67 | 45 | 95 | [ |
Co | 330 | 1 | 50 | 75 | |||
Ni2P | Ni | P | 200 | 48 | 106.1 | 131 | [ |
MoP | Mo(CO)6 | TOP/Ar | 320 | 2 | 45 | 90 | [ |
Co2P | (CH3COO)2Co·4H2O | TPP/N2 | 370 | 0.17 | 51.7 | η20 =167 | [ |
CoP | Co(acac)2 | TOPO/Ar | 355―360 | 3 | 48 | 100 | [ |
Catalyst | Precursor | Phosphorus source/ atmosphere | Temperature/℃ | Time/h | Electrolyte | Tafel slope/ (mV·dec-1) | η10/mV | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C@NiPx | Ni/carbon fiber | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 48.3 | 118 | [ |
MoP2 | MoS2/carbon cloth | NaH2PO2/Ar | 700 | 1.07 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 63.6 | 58 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 70 | 67 | ||||||
1.0 mol/L PBS | 98.3 | 85 | ||||||
MoP2/Mo | MoOx/Mo | NaH2PO2/N2 | 750 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 57 | 143 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 80 | 194 | ||||||
1.0 mol/L PBS | 81 | 211 | ||||||
MoP2 | MoO3, red phosphorus | Red phosphorus/ vacuum | 850 | 5 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 52 | 121 | [ |
CoP/C | Co3O4 | NaH2PO2·H2O/N2 | 300 | 2 | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 85.9 | 111 | [ |
CoP/Ti | Co3O4 | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 40 | 203 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 115 | ― | ||||||
CoP/Ti | Co(OH)2/Ti | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 1 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 43 | 90 | [ |
CoP/Ti | CoP precursor | NaH2PO2 | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 49.3 | 45 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 49.1 | 60 | ||||||
CoP/C | Co/C | NaH2PO2 | 300 | ― | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 30.1 | 49 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 42.6 | 48 | ||||||
CoP/C | Co(OH)F | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 1 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 51 | 67 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 129 | 209 | ||||||
CoP/C | Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O/C | NaH2PO2 | 300 | 1 | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 60 | 95 | [ |
FeP/Ti | β?FeOOH | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 38 | 55 | [ |
FeP/C | Fe2O3 | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 45 | 58 | [ |
FeP/C | Fe3O4 | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 32 | η20=54 | [ |
Catalyst | Precursor | Phosphorus source/ atmosphere | Temperature/℃ | Time/h | Electrolyte | Tafel slope/ (mV·dec-1) | η10/mV | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C@NiPx | Ni/carbon fiber | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 48.3 | 118 | [ |
MoP2 | MoS2/carbon cloth | NaH2PO2/Ar | 700 | 1.07 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 63.6 | 58 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 70 | 67 | ||||||
1.0 mol/L PBS | 98.3 | 85 | ||||||
MoP2/Mo | MoOx/Mo | NaH2PO2/N2 | 750 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 57 | 143 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 80 | 194 | ||||||
1.0 mol/L PBS | 81 | 211 | ||||||
MoP2 | MoO3, red phosphorus | Red phosphorus/ vacuum | 850 | 5 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 52 | 121 | [ |
CoP/C | Co3O4 | NaH2PO2·H2O/N2 | 300 | 2 | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 85.9 | 111 | [ |
CoP/Ti | Co3O4 | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 40 | 203 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 115 | ― | ||||||
CoP/Ti | Co(OH)2/Ti | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 1 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 43 | 90 | [ |
CoP/Ti | CoP precursor | NaH2PO2 | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 49.3 | 45 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 49.1 | 60 | ||||||
CoP/C | Co/C | NaH2PO2 | 300 | ― | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 30.1 | 49 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 42.6 | 48 | ||||||
CoP/C | Co(OH)F | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 1 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 51 | 67 | [ |
1.0 mol/L KOH | 129 | 209 | ||||||
CoP/C | Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O/C | NaH2PO2 | 300 | 1 | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 60 | 95 | [ |
FeP/Ti | β?FeOOH | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 38 | 55 | [ |
FeP/C | Fe2O3 | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 45 | 58 | [ |
FeP/C | Fe3O4 | NaH2PO2/Ar | 300 | 2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 32 | η20=54 | [ |
Catalyst | Precursor | Phosphorus source/ atmosphere | Time/h | Electrolyte | Tafel slope/ (mV·dec-1) | η10/mV | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni?P | NiSO4·7H2O | NaH2PO2 | 2 | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 50 | 80 | [ |
CoP | CoCl2 | NaH2PO2 | 0.25 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 49.6 | 85 | [ |
Co?P/FTO | CoCl2·6H2O | NaH2PO4 | ― | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 54 | 125 | [ |
Catalyst | Precursor | Phosphorus source/ atmosphere | Time/h | Electrolyte | Tafel slope/ (mV·dec-1) | η10/mV | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni?P | NiSO4·7H2O | NaH2PO2 | 2 | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 50 | 80 | [ |
CoP | CoCl2 | NaH2PO2 | 0.25 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 49.6 | 85 | [ |
Co?P/FTO | CoCl2·6H2O | NaH2PO4 | ― | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 54 | 125 | [ |
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