Flame-retardant Property of Carrageenan Fiber†

doi:10.7503/cjcu20160559

Abstract

Abstract:

Carrageenan fibers(CAFs) were obtained through the wet spinning technique with barium salt as coagulation bath. The fibers were characterized by limiting oxygen index(LOI), Cone calorimeter(Cone), scaning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD), thermogravimetry(TG)-differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and pyrolysis(Py)-gas chromatography(GC)-mass spectrometry(MS). The results showed that carrageenan fiber(CAF) took on better flame retardancy than calcium alginate fiber(ALF) and agar fiber(AGF). The LOI of CAF was up to more than 50, and the fiber kept red state without flame in the whole Cone process. Some other Cone parameters presenting lower value, such as heat release rate, total heat release, indicated that CAF has good flame retardancy. The sulfate ester combined with barium ion through complexing action of CAF, and they played an important role in the formation of carbon residue and changing the breakup processes of carra-geenan macromolecule. In addition, flame-retardant mechanism could be attributed to sulfonyl free radical, which can combine with hydroxyl radicals rapidly to terminate the combustion reaction. Meanwhile, the dense structure of barium salt layer and hollow fiber structure were also crucial factors of flame retardant performance for CAF.

Key words: Carrageenan fiber, Flame retardancy, Carbon residue, Barium ion, Sulfate ester

CLC Number:

O636

TrendMD:

ZHANG Weiwei, XUE Zhixin, LIU Jingjing, YAN Miao, XIA Yanzhi. Flame-retardant Property of Carrageenan Fiber^†[J]. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2017, 38(2): 303.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 Custom-made wet spinning device

Fig.2 Curves of HRR(A), THR(B), TSR(C) and MLR(D) of AGF(a), ALF(b), κ-CAP(c), λ-CAP(d), κ-CAF(e) and λ-CAF(f)

Table 1 Data of Cone and element content of AGF, ALF, κ-CAP, λ-CP, κ-CAF and λ-CAF

Sample	AGF	ALF	κ-CAP	λ-CAP	κ-CAF	λ-CAF
TTI^a/s	4	108	70	82	Red state^b	Red state
Peak HRR/(kW·m^-2)	258	45	25	24.5	22	19
Time Peak HRR/s	47	156	61	75	109	80
Mean HRR/(kW·m^-2)	101	23	16	15	13	12
THR/(MJ·m^-2)	20	6.7	3.8	3.2	2.9	2.7
TSR_{0—200 s}/(m²·m^-2)	0.6	12.1	3.1	2.6	2.3	2.0
Sulfur content(%)	0.27		6.32	7.66	6.20	7.35
Barium content(%)	13.5		0	0	16.2	17.4

Fig.3 Optical and SEM(insets) images of AGF(A, E), ALF(B, F), κ-CAF(C, G) and λ-CAF(D, H) before(A—D) and after(E—H) Cone

Fig.4 SEM image of CAF(A)(B) Magnification of cirle in (A); (C) magnification of square in (A).

Fig.5 XRD of AGF, ALF, κ-CAF and λ-CAF

Fig.6 EDS of λ-CAF(A) and ALF(B)Inset: (A) element content of λ-CAF; (B) element content of ALF.

Fig.7 FTIR spectra of AGF(a), κ-CAF(b) and λ-CAF(c)

Fig.8 TG(a) and DTG(b) curves of ALF(A), λ-CAP(B) and λ-CAF(C)

Fig.9 DSC curves of ALF(a), λ-CAP(b) and λ-CAF(c)

Fig.10 FTIR spectra of λ-CAF at different temperature a. 180℃; b. 200 ℃; c. 300 ℃; d. 500 ℃; e. 700 ℃; f. 750 ℃; g. 800 ℃.

Table 2 Main pyrolysis fragments of λ-CAF at 180 and 750 ℃

Scheme 1 Proposed pyrolysis mechanism of λ-CAF

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