Perovskite Solar Cells: Work Mechanism and Major Factors Affecting Their Performances†

doi:10.7503/cjcu20140927

Abstract

Abstract:

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites were first introduced to photovoltaic community in 2009. In subsequent years, the power conversion efficiency has increased from 3.8% to ~20%, leaving dye-sensitized solar cells and bulk-heterojunction solar cells far behind. “Perovskite” is a crystal possessing the same crystal structure as calcium titanate, namely, ABX₃. Perovskites have unique properties, like broad absorption spectra, high absorption coefficient, ambipolar charge transport, long exciton lifetime and very low binding energy of exciton. Currently, the architecture of perovskite solar cells has been simplified from meso-structured solar cells to planar-heterojunction solar cells, getting closer to the low-cost, high-efficiency target for practical application. Many innovative researches are pushing the application of this new photovoltaic material to the climax. This review summarizes the working mechanism of perovskite solar cells and expounds several key factors affecting device performance, i.e. components, crystallization and morphology, transport layers, electrode materials and planted bulk-heterojunction. However, we should note that perovskites have some drawbacks impeding its commercialization. Perovskites are sensitive to oxygen and water vapor, making the solar cells unstable in the ambient; it is challenging to prepare large films because the morphology of perovskite film is difficult to control; the use of the toxic metal, lead, will also undermine the credit earned by their outstanding photovoltaic performance. It is very important for us to understand those mechanism and factors affecting device performance, and to find approaches to deal with instability, toxicity, and bad morphology.

Key words: Perovskite solar cell, Component, Crystallization, Morphology, Transport layer, Electrode, Bulk-heterojunction

CLC Number:

O649.4

TrendMD:

QIAN Liu, DING Liming. Perovskite Solar Cells: Work Mechanism and Major Factors Affecting Their Performances^†[J]. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2015, 36(4): 595.

Figures/Tables 13

References 101

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Perovskite	Device structure		ETL			HTL	J_sc/(mA·cm^-2)		V_oc/V		FF(%)		PCE(%)		Ref.
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			spiro	17.6		0.89		62		9.7		[86]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			None	17.8		0.91		65		10.5		[87]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			PTAA	16.5		0.997		72.7		12.0		[23]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			Py-C	20.2		0.89		69.4		12.4		[78]
MAPbI₃	PHJ		PCBM			PEDOT	16.12		1.05		67		12.04		[69]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			CuI	17.8		0.55		62		6.0		[81]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x	PHJ		PCBM/TiO_x			PEDOT	15.8		0.94		66		9.8		[88]
MAPbI₃	PHJ		PCBM			NiO_x	12.43		0.92		68		7.8		[79]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x	PHJ		TiO₂			spiro	21.5		1.07		67		15.4		[28]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			spiro+BuPyIm-TFSI	16.26		0.87		56		7.91		[77]
Perovskite		Device structure		ETL	HTL			J_sc/(mA·cm^-2)		V_oc/V		FF(%)		PCE(%)		Ref.
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	spiro+Li-TFSI+TBP			15.56		0.91		57		8.16		[77]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		TiO₂	DR3TBDTT+PDMS			15.30		0.95		60		8.8		[89]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	2TPA-2-DP			16.30		0.94		59.7		9.1		[90]
MAPbI₃		PHJ		PCBM	NiO			14.20		0.786		65		7.26		[80]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	H101			20.50		1.04		65		13.8		[91]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	po-spiro			21.20		1.02		77.6		16.7		[25]
MAPbI₃		PHJ		TiO_x	P3HT+Li-TFSI+TBP			19.10		0.98		66.3		12.4		[92]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		C₆₀	spiro-MeO-TPD			16.00		1.03		66		10.9		[93]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		C₆₀	spiro-TTB			16.10		0.968		70		10.9		[94]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	CuSCN			19.70		1.016		62		12.4		[94]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		TiO₂	P3HT			21.00		0.936		69.1		13.6		[74]
MAPbI₃		PHJ		PCBM	NiO Nano-crystal			16.27		0.882		63.5		9.11		[95]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	Oligothiophenes			16.40		0.992		65		10.5		[96]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		PCBM	Sputtered NiO_x			19.80		0.96		61		11.6		[97]
(5-AVA)_x(MA)_1-_xPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	None			22.80		0.858		66		12.8		[45]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	OMeTPA-FA			20.98		0.972		67		13.63		[98]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	OMeTPA-TPA			20.88		0.946		62		12.31		[98]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		Y:TiO₂	spiro			22.75		1.13		75		19.3		[11]

Perovskite	Device structure		ETL			HTL	J_sc/(mA·cm^-2)		V_oc/V		FF(%)		PCE(%)		Ref.
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			spiro	17.6		0.89		62		9.7		[86]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			None	17.8		0.91		65		10.5		[87]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			PTAA	16.5		0.997		72.7		12.0		[23]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			Py-C	20.2		0.89		69.4		12.4		[78]
MAPbI₃	PHJ		PCBM			PEDOT	16.12		1.05		67		12.04		[69]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			CuI	17.8		0.55		62		6.0		[81]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x	PHJ		PCBM/TiO_x			PEDOT	15.8		0.94		66		9.8		[88]
MAPbI₃	PHJ		PCBM			NiO_x	12.43		0.92		68		7.8		[79]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x	PHJ		TiO₂			spiro	21.5		1.07		67		15.4		[28]
MAPbI₃	MSSC		TiO₂			spiro+BuPyIm-TFSI	16.26		0.87		56		7.91		[77]
Perovskite		Device structure		ETL	HTL			J_sc/(mA·cm^-2)		V_oc/V		FF(%)		PCE(%)		Ref.
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	spiro+Li-TFSI+TBP			15.56		0.91		57		8.16		[77]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		TiO₂	DR3TBDTT+PDMS			15.30		0.95		60		8.8		[89]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	2TPA-2-DP			16.30		0.94		59.7		9.1		[90]
MAPbI₃		PHJ		PCBM	NiO			14.20		0.786		65		7.26		[80]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	H101			20.50		1.04		65		13.8		[91]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	po-spiro			21.20		1.02		77.6		16.7		[25]
MAPbI₃		PHJ		TiO_x	P3HT+Li-TFSI+TBP			19.10		0.98		66.3		12.4		[92]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		C₆₀	spiro-MeO-TPD			16.00		1.03		66		10.9		[93]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		C₆₀	spiro-TTB			16.10		0.968		70		10.9		[94]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	CuSCN			19.70		1.016		62		12.4		[94]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		TiO₂	P3HT			21.00		0.936		69.1		13.6		[74]
MAPbI₃		PHJ		PCBM	NiO Nano-crystal			16.27		0.882		63.5		9.11		[95]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	Oligothiophenes			16.40		0.992		65		10.5		[96]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		PCBM	Sputtered NiO_x			19.80		0.96		61		11.6		[97]
(5-AVA)_x(MA)_1-_xPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	None			22.80		0.858		66		12.8		[45]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	OMeTPA-FA			20.98		0.972		67		13.63		[98]
MAPbI₃		MSSC		TiO₂	OMeTPA-TPA			20.88		0.946		62		12.31		[98]
MAPbI_3-_xCl_x		PHJ		Y:TiO₂	spiro			22.75		1.13		75		19.3		[11]