Enhancement Effect of Low-power Ultrasound on Iopamidol Chlorination and the Degradation Pathway

doi:10.7503/cjcu20200852

Abstract

Abstract:

Iopamidol（IPM）， as a widely used iodinated X-ray contrast media， was degraded by an ultrasound-enhanced chlorination process. Effects of the parameters， such as NaClO concentration， ultrasonic power， and reaction temperate on IPM degradation were investigated. The main reactive radicals and their respective contribution in IPM degradation were identified and estimated. Meanwhile the intermediates were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（HPLC/MS/MS） as well. The results showed that IPM degradation was significantly enhanced by ultrasonic excitation of NaClO. NaClO oxidation， hydroxyl radical and reactive chlorine species were involved in IPM degradation， and their contribution for degrading 10 mg/L of IPM in the presence of 0.12 mmol/L of NaClO at pH=5.8 under 25 ℃ were 15.82%， 4.65% and 79.53%， respectively. When NaClO concentration was in the range of 0―0.24 mmol/L， an increase in NaClO concentration resulted in IPM degradation efficiency going up from 4.75% to 91.12% in 60 min. Nevertheless， the ultrasound power displayed an optimum value of 28.5 W. The degradation of IPM under the US/NaClO system within 15―45 ℃ were fitted with the first-order kinetics and the corresponding activation energy（E_a） was calculated to be 59.03 kJ/mol. Finally， five intermediates were identified by HPLC/MS/MS analysis， together with the theoretical calculation of Density functional theory（DFT）， the degradation pathway of IPM in the US/NaClO system was proposed.

Key words: Iodized X-ray contrast medias, Iopamidol, Ultrasound/NaClO, Reactive chlorine species

CLC Number:

O644

TrendMD:

WEI Hong, YANG Xiaoyu, LI Kebin, HAO Miao, FU Ran. Enhancement Effect of Low-power Ultrasound on Iopamidol Chlorination and the Degradation Pathway[J]. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2021, 42(6): 1863.

Figures/Tables 11

References 32

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Product	t_R/min	Detected m/z	Theoretical m/z	Molecular	Ref.
IPM	10.89	777.860	778.090	C₁₇H₂₂I₃N₃O₈	[25]
D702	10.98	702.822	702.998	C₁₄H₁₆I₃N₃O₆	[24]
D686	11.72	686.182	686.626	C₁₇H₂₂I₂N₃O₈Cl	[26]
D667	10.92	667.057	667.184	C₁₇H₂₃I₂N₃O₉	[26]
D541	11.52	541.443	541.292	C₁₇H₂₄IN₃O₉	[24]
D503	10.39	503.107	503.726	C₁₇H₂₂N₃O₈Cl₃	[26]

Product	t_R/min	Detected m/z	Theoretical m/z	Molecular	Ref.
IPM	10.89	777.860	778.090	C₁₇H₂₂I₃N₃O₈	[25]
D702	10.98	702.822	702.998	C₁₄H₁₆I₃N₃O₆	[24]
D686	11.72	686.182	686.626	C₁₇H₂₂I₂N₃O₈Cl	[26]
D667	10.92	667.057	667.184	C₁₇H₂₃I₂N₃O₉	[26]
D541	11.52	541.443	541.292	C₁₇H₂₄IN₃O₉	[24]
D503	10.39	503.107	503.726	C₁₇H₂₂N₃O₈Cl₃	[26]

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