Table of Content

10 March 2012, Volume 33 Issue 03

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Cover and Content of Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities Vol.33 No.3(2012)

2012, 33(03):  0-0. 

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Preparation of Hyaluronic Acid-Quantum Dot Conjugate and Its Application in Tumor Imaging

CAO Mei-Rong, HOU Jie, ZHANG Qi, BAI Fang, BAI Gang

2012, 33(03):  437-441.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.001

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Hyaluronic acid(HA) has been known as an important element in tumor growth, because its receptor, CD44, is over expressed on many kinds of tumor cells. Thus, the interaction between HA and CD44 has been used for HA-targeted therapy and imaging of malignancy. In order to establish a method to detect the HA receptor in the cell and further to image the tumor cell, hyaluronic acid-quantum dot conjugate was synthesized and applied in tumor imaging. The quantum dot(CdSe/ZnS) was prepared in aqueous solution with cysteamine as stabilizer, and then conjugated with HA through amidation reaction between the carboxyl groups of HA and amino groups of QD. The average size of HA-QD conjugate nanoparticle was about 10 nm and emission wavelength was 657 nm. According to in vitro cell experiment, it was proved that the HA-QD conjugate could effectively target on the LA795 cells and subsequently internalized itself into the cytoplasm via HA receptor-mediated endocytosis. As its cancer targeting efficiency showing in our experiment, it suggests the potential of HA-QD conjugate applying in imaging and visualization of changes for cancer diagnosis.



Article: Inorganic Chemistry

Preparation of Hierarchical Mesoporous TiO₂ Nanosheet Using China Rose Petal as Template

ZHAO Xiao-Bing, WANG Fang, QIAN Jun-Chao

2012, 33(03):  442-446.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.002

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Hierarchical mesoporous TiO₂ nanosheets were prepared using China rose petal as biotemplate through facile infiltration and thermal decomposition. For characterization of texture, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra(UV-Vis/DRS) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements were adopted. The results demonstrate that the biomorphic structure of anatase TiO₂ nanosheets with the thickness of ca. 4 nm is obtained. There exist mesopores with pore size of about 4 nm on the surface of the TiO₂ nanosheets. Hierarchical mesoporous TiO₂ nanosheets exhibit a clear red shift(20 nm) comparing with Degussa P25, which could be excited by visible irradiation and enhance the visible activity. Hierarchical mesoporous TiO₂ nanosheets display the superior photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue under sun-light irradiation, with a which degradation rate as high as 98%.



Effects of Microstructure of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics Particles on Protein Adsorption

LI Bo, ZHANG Hui-Jie, LIAO Xiao-Ling, ZHU Xiang-Dong, FAN Hong-Song, ZHANG Xing-Dong

2012, 33(03):  447-452.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.003

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To investigate the effects of physical and chemical properties of nano calcium phosphate ceramics on protein adsorption, two types of nano calcium phosphate particles and two kinds of micron ones were prepared with microwave sintering method and conventional method, respectively. The phase compositions, surface morphologies, particle size distribution, specific surface area, pore size distribution and zeta potentials of four particles were analyzed with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, dynamic laser system, BET method and zetasizer. Bovine serum album(BSA) and lysozyme(LSZ) adsorbed on ceramics were further investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. The results show that nano and conventional ceramics have similar phase compositions, particle size distribution and zeta potentials. Owing to smaller grain size and more abundant mesoporous structure, nano ceramics adsorb more BSA and LSZ than conventional ones.



Synthesis and Property of Nano-sized Mn-ZSM-5 Zeolite via One-step Hydrothermal Method

ZHANG Qian, CHEN Chun-Ying, DING Shuang, ZHANG Wen-Ting, XU Di-Ou, TANG Xiao-Jian, WANG Run-Wei, JIANG Ri-Hua, ZHANG Zong-Tao, QIU Shi-Lun

2012, 33(03):  453-457.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.004

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High pure Mn-ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized through one-step hydrothermal method by direct introduction of divalent manganese source under strong alkaline condition. The samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, ²⁹Si NMR, SEM, ICP and N₂ adsorption-desorption techniques. The results indicated that manganese irons were incorporated into the zeolite skeleton. Using styrene oxidation as a probe reaction, H₂O₂ as the oxidant and Mn-ZSM-5 as the catalyst, the conversion of styrene reached 84.98%, turnover number was 208, styrene epoxide selectivity and yield was about 87.62% and 74.46%, respectively.The synthesized nano sized Mn-ZSM-5 is a promising catalyst for oxidation reactions.



Analytical Chemistry

Applications of CNT/Cu Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Direct Determination of Glucose

WANG Xu-Dong, TIAN Xiao-Feng, JI Fu-Jian, LIU Tie-Mei

2012, 33(03):  458-463.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.005

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We describe the preparation of copper-based nanostructured electrode materials on carbon nanotubes supported by electrodeposition for direct glucose determination. The interest in exploring practical copper and carbon nanotubes composites electrode materials for sensor application was fascinated by the possibility of promoting electron transfer for kinetically unfavorable glucose oxidation reactions at lower overpotential and thus improving the sensitivity of glucose in electroanalysis. The morphologies of CNT/ITO and Cu/CNT/ITO were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Enhanced current response(at a lower overpotential of 0.45 V), high stability, facile charge transport, as well as high catalytic activity towards glucose oxidation were observed at Cu/CNT/ITO. This study may provide a new insight into CNT/transitional metal-based composite nanomaterials via electrodeposition for fabricating novel and high performance sensors and devices.



4-Mercapto-phenylboronic Acid Functionalized Quartz Crystal Microbalances Sensor for the Determination of Sialic Acid

DUAN Shu-Jing, HE Xi-Wen, CHEN Lang-Xing, ZHANG Yu-Kui

2012, 33(03):  464-469.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.006

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A novel gold-coated quartz crystal microbalance(QCM) sensor functionalized by 4-mercapto-phenylboronic acid(MPBA) was fabricated for monitoring of sialic acid. The surface property of QCM sensor was characterized by scanning electron microscope. The density of MPBA on the surface of QCM was calculated by the frequency change of QCM. The basic principle of the MPBA-modified sensor is that boronic acid can form reversible covalent bonds with analytes containing cis-1,2-diols groups. The results show a linear response in the range of 0.50-5.0 mmol/L of sialic acid. The detection limit was 0.15 mmol/L(n=11) for sialic acid and high recovery of 101.7 for the spiked artificial urine sample was obtained.



Chiral Ligand-exchange Capillary Electrophoretic Assay of L-Dopa Tablets Using a Non-analyte Chiral Ligand

QIU Chang-Gui, WANG Xiao-Yu, GUO Zhen-Peng, SONG Li-Juan, CHEN Yi

2012, 33(03):  470-474.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.007

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Chiral ligand-exchange capillary electrophoresis is flexible but can not be applied to the analysis of unknown samples or chiral compounds without a chiral ligand. We tried to solve this problem by exploring some non-analyte chiral ligands aiming at the assaying the L-dopa tablets. With aromatic D,L-amino acids (dopa analogues) as mimetic analytes, chiral selecting systems of Cu²⁺-tartarate and Ni²⁺-tartarate were obtained among the metal complexes of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Co²⁺ formed from tartaric, lactic and malic acids. Cu²⁺-tartarate worked better at an acidic condition while Ni²⁺-tartarate better at a weakly basic condition. The latter system suited for quantitative analysis of L- and D-dopa in oral tablets. Its linear range was in between 0.025-2.5 mmol/L D- or L-dopa, with linear coefficients all above 0.9999 and recovery at around 96.3%. The detection limit reached about 0.5%(mass fraction) D-dopa. Several batches of L-dopa oral tablets were then assayed, given the content of (97.33?0.70)%(mass fraction) of the specified data. The ratio of ligand to central ion was found to be the most crucial factor, besides, pH and complex concentration were also highly important. Other conditions such as additives and the type of buffer reagents impacted also obviously on the chiral resolution and better optimized.



Construction of High-Sensitivity CdTe Quantum Dots as Fluorescence Probe and Its Interaction with Metal Ions

CHENG Fang, LIU Zhen, HU Yu-Zhu, WU Sheng-Mei, YAN Zheng-Yu

2012, 33(03):  475-480.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.008

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We used denatured bovine serum albumin(dBSA) to modify water-soluble CdTe quantum dots(QDs), constructed the metal ion probe with high detection sensitivity, and studied its detection performance and mechanism for heavy metal ions. Water-soluble CdTe quantum dots with a high quantum yield and thioglycolic acid(TGA) as stabilizer were synthesized by optimizing the reaction conditions. We used dBSA to modify the CdTe QDs of different sizes respectively, determined the optimum ratios of dBSA to QDs. And then the interaction between QDs and metal ions was studied after purifying the dBSA surface-modified QDs(dBSA-QDs). Experimental results showed that the conjugation of QDs by dBSA efficiently improved the photoluminescence quantum yield, the chemical stability of QDs and stability against photobleaching; meanwhile the fluorescence of dBSA-QDs can be quenched by heavy metal ions effectively, and the detection sensitivity was improved greatly compared with TGA-coated QDs.



Analytical Chemistry

Synthesis of Ag/SiO₂/Chitosan Nanocomposites and Its Analytical Application for Adsorbing Chromium(Ⅵ)

ZHANG Yan, ZHENG Xing-Wang

2012, 33(03):  481-485.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.009

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The Ag/SiO₂/Chitosan nanocomposites were synthesized by the reverse microemulsion method and characterized by TEM, CV(cyclic voltammetry) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results show that the nanocomposites present better electrical conductivity, anion channel effect and adsorption effect for chromium(Ⅵ). Based on these findings as well as the use of chemically modified electrode technique, a sensitive and selective electrochemiluminescence method for chromium(Ⅵ) was developed. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the enhancing ECL(electrochemiluminescence) intensity was linear with the concentration of chromium(Ⅵ) in the range of 2.0×10^-12-1.0×10^-10 g/mL. The detection limit for chromium(Ⅵ) was 2×10^-13 g/mL.



Quantitative Analysis of hOGG1 Activity Based on Molecular Beacon

LIU Bin, YANG Xiao-Hai, WANG Ke-Min, TAN Wei-Hong

2012, 33(03):  486-491.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.010

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Human 8-oxo-guanine DNA glycosylase 1(hOGG1), which mainly catalyzes the excision of 8-oxoG and cleaves the AP site from DNA to sustain the genome integrity, plays an important role in many biological events including tumor development. However, available methods of hOGG1 assay based on gel electrophoresis are complicate, laborious and discontinuous. Here, we report a new method to analyze hOGG1 activity using molecular beacon containing 8-oxoG coupled with enzyme-linkage reactions, the detection limitation of this method is 0.0125 U/mL. Furthermore, the method was applied for quantification of hOGG1 activity in tumor cells and investigating the effect of metal ions on the reaction. The results demonstrate that the easy, simple and non-radioactive method has the potential to screen suitable inhibitors for hOGG1 and can be applied for high-throughput analysis of hOGG1 activity in tumor samples.



Organic Chemistry

Synthesis of 3-Phenyl-pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine-1-carboxylic acid(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide and Its Application as Fluorescent Sensors for Cu²⁺

YANG An-Bo, WANG Bing-Xiang

2012, 33(03):  492-495.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.011

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3-Phenyl-pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine-1-carboxylic acid(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide(6) was synthesized and used as fluorescent sensors for Cu²⁺ ion. The structure of the compound 6 was determined by IR, ¹H NMR, MS and elemental analysis and their UV and fluorescence spectra were measured. The influences of ten metal ions such as Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Na⁺, Sn²⁺ and Ca²⁺ on their fluorescence properties were studied. Spectroscopic studies revealed that the compound 6 had rather strong affinity toward Cu²⁺. The specificity of the probe 6 toward Cu²⁺ was determined. Nearly no fluorescence intensity changes were observed in emission spectra with Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cr³⁺, Sn²⁺, Al³⁺ but Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺. However, under identical conditions, the results showed fluorescence quenching with Cu²⁺. So we have developed a new fluorescent sensor 6. It shows high sensitivity and selectivity toward Cu²⁺ in DMSO.



Synthesis and Characterization of Bis-porphyrins with Different Substituents

SUN Yuan-Yuan, SHAN Ning, WANG Bin-Bin, LIAN Wen-Hui, YU Miao, SHI Tong-Shun

2012, 33(03):  496-500.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.012

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Bis-porphyrins with different substituents were synthesized via the linkage of (E)-2-butenedioyl dichloride and characterized by IR, UV-Vis, ¹H NMR and MS spectra. Also, their spectroscopic properties were studied by SPS, fluorescence spectra and Raman spectra. The results show that the substituents have great influences on the quantum yield of fluorescence, the methoxy groups increase the intensity and the quantum yield of the porphyin while the chloric groups decrease them. This suggests that electron-withdrawing groups(-Cl) have stronger influence on fluorescence property of porphyrin than electron-donating groups(-OCH₃). The electronic effects of substituent group influence on the Raman spectra of porphyrin dimers are also great.



Synthesis of Novel Quinazolinone Derivatives

TANG Jian-Hong, SHI Da-Xin, WANG Xiu-Zhen, LIU Xuan, LI Jia-Rong

2012, 33(03):  501-506.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.013

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2,6-Dicyanoaniline derivatives(3) were synthesized from the multi-component condensation of aldehyde, malononitrile and ketone under the catalysis of ammonium acetate. Then 2,6-dicyanoaniline derivatives reacted with ketones to give mutli-substituted quinazolinone derivatives(5) using sodium hydroxide as catalyst at 100 ℃ or refluxing through intermolecule Pinner reaction via Dimroth rearrangement. The structures of the synthetic compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS. Quinazolinone derivatives are the important inter-mediate of a series of drugs.



Organic Chemistry

LiNH₂SO₃ Promoted Synthesis of 1,8-Dioxo-octahydroxanthene Under Solvent-free Conditions

WANG Zhao-Shen, LIU Chen-Jiang

2012, 33(03):  507-510.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.014

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An efficient synthesis of 9-aryl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroxanthene-1,8-dione via condensation of aromatic aldehydes with 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione or cyclohexane-1,3-dione using LiNH₂SO₃ as an eco-friendly catalyst under solvent-free condition was described. The results indicate that the yields is up to 90% when using 3%(molar fraction) LiNH₂SO₃ and reacting at 120 ℃ for 40—70 min. Furthermore, a proposed reaction mechanism for the reaction catalyzed by LiNH₂SO₃ was speculated. The present methodology offers several advantages such as excellent yields, simple procedure, short reaction time and mild conditions making it an important supplement to the existing methods.



Syntheses of 5,8-Disubstituted Indolizidine Poison-frog Alkaloids

ZHOU De-Jun, TOYOOKA Naoki

2012, 33(03):  511-515.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.015

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A diverse array of biologically active alkaloids has been detected in amphibian skin, which contains over 20 structural classes and more than 800 alkaloids. Most of these alkaloids appear to be derived from dietary sources such as ants, beetles, mites and so on. A great number of the alkaloids show very interesting biological activities such as pharmacological effects at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However, these alkaloids have been isolated in minute amounts from the amphibian skin. Consequently, a great need for the development of the synthetic strategy of these alkaloids has arisen for the determination of the structures of natural products and the investigations of their biological activities. The 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines constitute the largest subclass of alkaloids, and about 80 alkaloids have been detected up to present. In this paper, we report the syntheses of the analogous indolizidines (-)-203A, (-)-209B, (-)-235B″, (-)-231C, (-)-233D, (-)-219F, (-)-221I, (-)-193E(Proposed), (-)-251N and 221K(Proposed) using the stereoselective Michael conjugate addition reaction as the key step. Furthermore, the absolute stereochemistry of (-)-203A and (-)-233D was established, and the relative stereochemistry of 231C, 219F, 221I and 251N was established.



Interaction Between N-Phosphoryl Dopamines and Lysozyme by ESI-MS

WU Xian-Li, HAN Guo-Sheng, WANG Zhen, CAO Shu-Xia, LIAO Xin-Cheng

2012, 33(03):  516-520.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.016

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The non-covalent interaction between a series of N-phosphoryl dopamines synthesized in our pre-vious work and lysozyme was studied by electro spray ionization-mass spectroscopy(ESI-MS). The effects of different groups of P on N-phosphoryl dopamine were compared. The results showed that the length of alkyl group of alkoxyl group on P was very important for the interaction under ESI-MS conditions. N-phosphoryl dopamines with longer carbon chains could contract the protein configuration in solution and were inclined to form complexes with lysozyme that have a lower charge and higher m/z and more stability. The sequence of carbon chain also had an obvious effect on the stability of the complex. Straight chain was more beneficial for the stability than branched chain when the number of carbon was equal. Isomers showed a different effect on the protein configuration in solution when alkyl group of alkoxyl group on P was propyl or isopropyl group. The maximal stoichiometric proportion of the complexes of N-phosphoryl dopamines and lysozyme is 5∶1. The results are valuable for the design of new active dopamine molecules.



Enzymatic Analysis Method for AdoMet-dependent Methyltransferases

GU Jin-Song, TAN Xiao-Jun

2012, 33(03):  521-525.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.017

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S-Adenosyl-L-methionine(AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases are a widespread class of enzymes exist in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here we report a coupled enzymatic analysis method established to quantitatively characterize S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine(AdoHcy), the common product of AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases. Recombinant S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase(SAHN) and recombinant S-ribosylhomocysteinase(SRHH), which are involved in the enzymatic method, were cloned and expressed as His-tag proteins, and further purified with Ni²⁺ charged agarose resin column, respectively. In this assay, AdoHcy was first hydrolyzed by SAHN into adenine and S-ribosylhomocysteine. Subsequently, the compound S-ribosylhomocysteine generated from SAHN was further cleaved by SRHH to form homocysteine. Finally, homocysteine was quantified using DTNB(Ellman's reagent). The experimental result demonstrated a fine linear positive correlation between formed TNB and initial concentration of AdoHcy, and repeatability was very good. The advantage of this methyltransferase analysis to traditional radioactivity assay is the removal of AdoHcy product by SAHN, which alleviates product feedback inhibition of AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases. This method may be used to analyze other enzymes that produce AdoHcy.



Preparation, Encapsulation and Thermal Properties of Fatty Acid/Expanded Graphite Composites as Shape-stabilized Phase Change Materials

MENG Xin, ZHANG Huan-Zhi, ZHAO Zi-Ming, SUN Li-Xian, XU Fen, ZHANG Jian, JIAO Qing-Zhu, BAO Yan, MA Jian-Zhong

2012, 33(03):  526-530.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.018

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Fatty acid/expanded graphite composites as shape-stabilized phase change materials were prepared through infiltration method by the eutectic mixture of capric acid(CA), lauric acid(LA) and palmitic acid(PA) as phase change materials, expanded graphite(EG) as skeleton, and the coating compound as membrane. N₂ adsorption curve and SEM images of expanded graphite and the composites indicate that expanded graphite has a loose porous structure and the eutectic mixture is effectively absorbed into its porous structure. DSC thermograms and thermal performance test show that the composites possess good phase change behavior and thermal cycling stability. The thermal conductivity of the composite material is significantly improved due to the highly thermal conductive expanded graphite.



Electrochemical Performance of Cu/Cu²⁺ Electrodes in Flow Concentrated Acidic Electrolytes

PAN Jun-Li, WEN Yue-Hua, CHENG Jie, CAO Gao-Ping, YANG Yu-Sheng

2012, 33(03):  531-535.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.019

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In flow concentrated acidic electrolytes of cupric sulfate, the effects of concentration of H₂SO₄, CuSO₄ and temperature on the electrochemical performance of Cu/Cu²⁺ electrodes on the graphite substrate were investigated by electrochemical measurements combined with scanning electron microscope(SEM) techniques. The results show that the electrode reaction of deposition-type copper electrodes is controlled by the cathodic process. The kinetics is relatively slow at room temperature. But, the copper deposits are compact. The dendritic and spongy growth are not easy to take place. The polarization of copper deposition can be lowered by increasing the concentration of H₂SO₄, CuSO₄ and temperature to some extent, improving the kinetic characteristics of copper deposition. But, an increase in the solubility of CuSO₄ is dependent on the concentration of H₂SO₄. The optimized composition of the electrolyte is 2.5 mol/L H₂SO₄＋0.7 mol/L CuSO₄. The reaction temperature is 45 ℃. Under the optimized condition, the exchange current density of copper deposition/dissolution on the graphite substrate at 45 ℃ is enhanced by one order of magnitude, indicative of favorable kinetics characteristics. As a result, the charge-discharge voltage difference of the deposition-type copper electrode is decreased by nearly 50% and the energy efficiency is beyond 80%. It is expected that the performance of the Cu-PbO₂ acidic single flow battery would be improved further.



Physical Chemistry

Preparation and Hydrogen Storage Properties of Mg₂FeH₆ Nanocrystals

MA Jian-Li, WANG Yan, TAO Zhan-Liang, CHEN Jun

2012, 33(03):  536-540.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.020

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The preparation of Mg₂FeH₆ nanocrystals and their hydrogen storage properties were reported. Mg₂FeH₆ nanocrystals were prepared by mechanical ball-milling the mixture of MgH₂ and Fe nanoparticles at room temperature under an argon atmosphere. The processing parameters(time, milling speed), crystal structure, morphologies, and hydrogen storage properties of the as-prepared Mg₂FeH₆ nanocrystals were investigated. The results show that the cubic Mg₂FeH₆ nanocrystals have a yield ratio around 91.4%, and a grain size between 10—30 nm in the powder. However, the agglomeration of particles are more serious. Mg₂FeH₆ nanocrystals show fast absorption/desorption kinetics. The desorption enthalpy and entropy for Mg₂FeH₆ are (-42.8±2) kJ/mol and (-72.0±3) J/(mol·K), respectively. At 503 K, the as-prepared Mg₂FeH₆ nanocrystals can release about 2.5%(mass fraction) hydrogen in 70 min under an initial hydrogen pressure of 6 kPa. Under 2 MPa hydrogen pressure, the rehydrogenation rate for the Mg₂FeH₆ decomposed product is fastZ)



Symmetry-adapted Perturbation Theory Study on the Nature of Benzene-halogen(X₂, X=F, Cl, Br, I)

LIANG Xue, SUN Tao, WANG Yi-Bo

2012, 33(03):  541-547.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.021

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A theoretical study of the charge-transfer complexes(CTC), as defined by Mulliken, formed by benzene and dihalogen molecules X₂(X=F, Cl, Br, I) was carried out with second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation(MP2). In the global minimum of C₆H₆-X₂(X= F, Cl, Br, I), the halogen molecule is located above one of the C-C bond centers of benzene, and the halogen molecule bond axis also slightly tilts towards the axis perpendicular to the plane of the benzene ring. The natural bond orbital(NBO) analysis reveals that the number of charge-transfer is negligible for these charge-transfer complexes. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory(SAPT) results show that the contribution of electrostatic effects to halogen bonding interactions is relatively small, and generally accounts for about 20% of the attractive interaction for the four complexes. Halogen bonding interaction in C₆H₆-F₂ system is principally dispersive in nature. The halogen bonds containing chlorine, bromine and iodine are largely dependent on the induction type interactions. And, interestingly, more induction(and less dispersive) interaction appears from F to I. The so-called "charge-transfer complexes(CTC)" for C₆H₆-X₂ system is not exact on electron correlation level.



Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of Oxygen-containing Surface Functional Groups on Activated Carbon

LI Na, ZHU Jian, ZHA Qing-Fang

2012, 33(03):  548-554.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.022

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The petroleum coke based activated carbon was oxidized by ammonium persulfate. The type and distribution of oxygen-containing surface functional groups(OCFGs) on activated carbon before and after oxidation was monitored using elementary analysis, FTIR spectrometry, temperature-programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry(TPD-MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), and X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES) spectroscopy. The results obtained from these methods were compared with each other. It was found that using the TPD-MS method currently reported in the literature to quantify various OCFGs on the carbon surface on the basis of TPD-CO₂ and TPD-CO profiles is significantly superior to the others due to its good accuracy and reproduction along with simple experimental conditions. Both of the concentration of OCFGs obtained by XPS and XANES methods are under the estimated ones.



Theoretical Modeling of the Impact of Electrode Work Function on the Performance of TiO₂/PbS Planar Heterojunction Excitonic Solar Cells

ZHU Jun, HU Lin-Hua, DAI Song-Yuan

2012, 33(03):  555-559.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.023

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The impact of electrode work function on the performance of the planar heterojunction excitonic solar cells composed of TiO₂ nanocrystalline films and PbS quantum dot films was theoretically modeled by means of Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures(AMPS-1D). A generation layer of 2 nm thickness where excitons dissociate and free carriers form between TiO₂ layer and PbS layer was introduced into the model. I-V curves, the distribution of electron current and hole current in the thickness direction, etc, were obtained from the modeling. The modeling results show that when the work function of the transparent conductive oxide electrode changes in some degree, it exhibits almost no influence on the device performance, while the work function of the metal will significantly impact the device performance due to the negative action of the Schottky junction formed.



Photovoltaic Characteristics of ZnO Nanoparticles

LI Zi-Heng, LI Gen, DU Yan, WANG De-Jun, ZOU Guang-Tian

2012, 33(03):  560-563.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.024

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Transient photovoltaic technology(TRP) and surface photovoltaic spectrum(SPS) were used for studying the photogenerated charge of nano-ZnO. The results show that when the time domain of TRP range of 10^-9—10^-7 and 10^-6—10^-3 s, the photovoltage response of SPS appears in range of 320—380 nm. But when time domain is range of 10^-3—10^-1 s, the photovoltage appears in range of 380—420 nm. The three time domains of TRP were belonged to intrinsic transition of nanocrystals, the charge transfer between nanocrystals and surface-state trapping of nanocrystals, respectively. If the intensity of photocharge was large enough or an exexternal electric field was used, then the photovoltage also appeared in range of 300—320 nm.



Surface Microstructure and Superhydrophobic Abilities of Euphorbia Antiquorum and Euphorbia Neriifolia var. Cristata Leaves

ZHANG Shi-Yan, GAO Chang-Rui, DI Huan-Yu, FENG Lin

2012, 33(03):  564-568.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.025

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Euphorbia antiquorum and Euphorbia neriifolia var. cristata are desert plants with superhydrophobic abaxial epidermis of leaves and hydrophobic adaxial epidermis of leaves. Using contact angle meter, SEM and surface tension tester, we tested the superhydrophobicity, observed the surface microstructure and mea-sured the surface adhesion of their leaves. We mimicked the microstructure of the leave's surface through the solvent-evaporation-driven nano-imprint pattern transfer process, using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) as template and polystyrene(PS) as substrate to acquire a PS film. By studying on the superhydrophobicity, surface microstructure and the surface adhesion of the film, we discovered that superhydrophobic and high-adhesive film can be built by lamellar microstructure with an average protrusion distance of 1—3 μm.



Physical Chemistry

Density Functional Theory Study on Ag Adsorption on MgF₂(010) Surface

WANG Li-Ping, HAN Pei-De, HAO Yu-Ying, ZHANG Zhu-Xia, XU Bing-She

2012, 33(03):  569-574.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.026

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Geometric and electronic structures of MgF₂(010) surface were calculated by the ultra-soft pseudo-potential plane wave method based on density functional theory(DFT). Furthermore, the adsorption of Ag on the surface was discussed. The results show that compared with MgF₂ bulk, the band gap of MgF₂(010) surface is narrowed by about 0.9 eV, the energy state is split and there appear surface states, which is due to the dangling bonds of atom F of the first layer. Also, it is found that the density of state(DOS) of the top layer F is higher than that of the bulk, which indicates that the surface is active and it is easy to interact with outside. Calculations of Ag adsorption on the MgF₂(010) surface show that the 4-fold hollow is energetically favorable and the adsorption is chemical. The analysis on the adsorption mechanism reveals that the electronic transfer mainly occurs between 4p of Ag and 2p and 3s of Mg.The discussion about optical property shows that the absorption in the visual band has a significant increase, which will definitely influence the optical properties of Ag/MgF₂ multilayer.



Condensed-drop Repellency of Butterfly Wings with Biological Photonic Crystals

MEI Huan, LUO Ding, WANG Jing, ZHENG Yong-Mei

2012, 33(03):  575-579.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.027

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We use the environmental scanning electronic microscopy(ESEM) to observe the micro-/nanostructure of Morpho nestira butterfly wing, and reveal the anisotropic structure feature in conjunction with iridescent structural color of butterfly wing. We observe the dynamic characteristics of water condensation and wettability on butterfly wing by the high-speed camera, and discuss the water repellency on butterfly wing under different tilt-degree and vibration conditions. It is found that a robust water repellency property appears on Morpho nestira butterfly wing. The dynamic contact angle experiment is used to examine the contact angle hysteresis by measuring the advancing angle and receding angle, the low adhesion property in conjunction with contact angle hysteresis can be demonstrated by the difference of receding angle and receding angle. The result reveals that the robust water repellency on Morpho nestira butterfly wing is attributed to the effect of micro- and nano-structure on butterfly wing. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanism of special wettability and repellency of water condensation based on micro-/nano-structures of butterfly wing.



H-2 Adsorption Storage Capabilities of SWNTs and SWNTs-THF Hydrate

ZANG Xiao-Ya, LIANG De-Qing, WU Neng-You

2012, 33(03):  580-585.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.028

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Hydrogen absorption capability of three types of samples(dry SWNTs before and after concentrated acid treatment, and THF solution absorbed SWNTs) were compared. The results indicate that when temperature is 0.5 ℃ and pressure is 16.5 MPa, the hydrogen gas absorption rate of dry SWNTs before and after concentrated acid treatment are 0.75% and 1.15%(mass fraction), respectively. Hydrogen absorption rate of THF solution absorbed SWNTs is about 0.37%(mass fraction), lower than that of dry SWNTs because of the formation of THF hydrate.



Physical Chemistry

Adsorption of Au(Ⅲ) and Pd(Ⅱ) in Solution of 2,2'-Diaminodiethylamine Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

LI Cui, XU Xin, BAO Chang-Li, WANG Huan-Feng, LIU Li, LIU Xiao-Ting

2012, 33(03):  586-590.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.029

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2,2'-Diaminodiethylamine(DETA) covalently modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs-DETA) were synthesized and used for the adsorption of Au(Ⅲ) and Pd(Ⅱ). The experimental parameters affecting the adsorption capacities were studied and optimized. The highest elution ratios were determined as 94.48% for Au(Ⅲ) and 89.06% for Pd(Ⅱ) using 1.0 mol/L thiourea-hydrochloric acid solution as the eluent. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities for Au(Ⅲ) and Pd(Ⅱ) were 50.45 and 25.68 mg/g, respectively. Langmuir isotherm model agreed well with the equili-brium experimental data of Au(Ⅲ) while Freundlich isotherm model agreed with those of Pd(Ⅱ). Adsorption kinetics of Au(Ⅲ) and Pd(Ⅱ) could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model.



Theoretical Studies on the Effect of Push/Pull Substituent on the Electronic Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of PCBM

LI Chun-Min, KAN Yu-He, XU Ying-Ying, DUAN Yu-Ai, SU Zhong-Min

2012, 33(03):  591-597.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.030

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The geometric and electronic properties of [6,6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester(PCBM) and its four new derivatives, with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing group on p-position of phenyl ring, as electron acceptor materials in bulk heterojunction organic solar cell were studied by density functional theory(DFT). The influences of substituent on frontier molecular orbitals were investigated by the corrected lowest unoccupied molecular oribital(LUMO) energy with the lowest excitation energy. UV-Vis spectrum properties and electron states were investigated by time-depended density functional theory(TD-DFT) on the basis of the ground state geometry. Furthermore, we also calculated the electron reorganization energy and electron affinity energy to predict the electron mobility of the five compounds. The results indicate that the electron-donating substituents introduced on the phenyl ring of PCBM will improve the LUMO energy and enhance the absorption strength of visible region of the UV-Vis spectrum. Particularly, the compound 5 has the most excellent charge transfer property of all the compounds. There are no significant changes while introducing electron-withdrawing substituent groups on the same position in PCBM.



Physical Chemistry

FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Catalytic Mechanism of Lead Compounds in the Reaction of Methylene Dianiline and Dimethyl Carbonate

PEI Yi-Xia, LI Hui-Quan, LIU Hai-Tao, ZHANG Yi

2012, 33(03):  598-603.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.031

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The stability and component change of the Pb(OAc)₂?3H₂O catalyst, in the reaction of methylene dianiline(MDA) and dimethyl carbonate(DMC) to synthesize methyl diphenyl dicarbamate(MDC), were studied. The results show that the catalyst converts to be lead carbonate containing amine ligand, which still has a highly activity in the synthesis of MDC. The catalytic mechanism of the lead acetate catalyst was studied by in-situ infrared analysis with a temperature controlled liquid cells. The results show that the coordination ligand of catalyst plays an important role in the formation of intermediate tetrahedron, and the transformation between bidentate and monodentate is one of the key steps in catalysis. A possible reaction mechanism for the methoxycarbonylation reaction was proposed based on the in-situ FTIR analysis.



Polymer Chemistry

Ag/AgCl Composite Nanoparticles/Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Films for Visible-light Photocatalysis

HAN Yan-Yan, WANG Wei, SONG Ming-Xin, LI Zhen-Yu, WANG Ce, SUN Jing-Hui

2012, 33(03):  604-607.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.032

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Ag/AgCl composite nanoparticles/polyacrylonitrile nanofiber films were prepared by electrospinning and subsequent in-situ reduction combining in-situ oxidation strategy. Electrospinning was firstly used to fabricate PAN/AgNO₃ composite nanofibers; then the AgNO₃ was reduced by in-situ reduction with glycol; finally, an in-situ oxidation between Ag nanoparticles and FeCl₃ solution was carried on to prepare the compo-site nanofiber films. The as-prepared materials can be used as high-performance photocatalysts, taking the advantage of the visible-light activity, flexibility, and high photocatalytic kinetics. The present method is helpful for the development of the high-performance membrane based photocatalysts.



Novel Copolymers Synthesis by Second Polymerization of Acrylate Acid Grafted 1,2-Dihydroxylbenzene Derivatives

HUANG Yao, ZHU Zhao-Jin, XU Jing-Kun, LU Bao-Yang, YUE Rui-Rui

2012, 33(03):  608-614.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.033

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Two novel acrylate functionalized monomers o-phenylene diacrylate(o-PDA) and 2-methoxyphenyl acrylate(2-MOPA) were designed and synthesized. Through radical copolymerization of o-PDA/2-MOPA with acrylic acid(AA), two precursor polymers, oligo(o-phenylene diacrylate-co-acrylic acid)(O1) and oligo (O2) were obtained. Cross-linked poly(O1-co-o-dihydroxybenzene)(P1) and poly(O2-co-1-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzene)(P2) films were achieved by electrochemical polymerization of monomer mixtures of o-DHB-O1 and HMOB-O2, respectively. UV-Vis, FTIR and ¹H NMR spectra were used to characterize the structures of the copolymers. Since AA and o-DHB/HMOB were introduced into the polymerization processes, the steric hindrance of the monomers were weakened extremely, and the copolymers were synthesized via two-step polymerization. The copolymers show good electrochemical activities and mechanical properties. According to the fluorescence spectra, the copolymers show strong emission peaks at 415 and 487 nm, indicating the good blue-light emmitting properties of the copolymers and that the introductions of polyacrylate structures into the copolymers have little negative effect on their fluorescence pro-perties. TGA analysis suggests that as-formed copolymers exhibit high thermal stability.



Surface Modification of Silver Coated Glass Microsphere Core-shell Composite Particles and the Electrical Properties of Their Epoxy Resin-based Adhesives

ZHANG Wei, WANG Yi-Long, ZHAO Su-Ling, GUAN Jian-Guo

2012, 33(03):  615-619.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.034

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Using silver coated glass microsphere composite particles(Ag/GM) synthesized by liquid chemical reduction method as raw materials, and ethylenediamine as surface modification agents, Ag/GM with ethylenediamine on their surface were prepared and used as conductive fillers to fabricate electrically conductive adhesive. Compared with the Ag/GM synthesized by chemical reduction method and modified with boiling water, the Ag/GM modified with ethylenediamine are dispersed in the epoxy adhesive more effectively and the interface energy between them and epoxy resin matrix is reduced because of the formation of the chemical bonding between the epoxy resin and the ethylenediamine adsorbed on the surface of Ag/GM. The as-fabricated electrically conductive adhesives show a relative high conductivity and low conductive percolation threshold, which is reasonably explained by the conductive percolation theory and equivalent circuit diagram. The result provides a simple and effective way to improve the conductivity of electrically conductive adhesive.



Control of the Porous Surface Morphology of Polyoxymethylene Electrospun Fibers

WANG Li, PENG Pan, XIN Fei, GAO Yan-Fang, YU Jian, GUO Zhao-Xia

2012, 33(03):  620-623.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.035

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The control of surface morphology of polyoxymethylene(POM) nanofibers electrospun from hexaf-luoroisopropanol was investigated by varying relative humidity, temperature, solution concentration, electrical voltage and collecting distance. It is found that environmental conditions are very important for surface pore formation. The pores are obvious only when the fibers are produced beyond a certain relative humidity and certain temperature. Solution concentration affects the pore size, while instrumental parameters do not have ob-vious influence on pore formation. Possible mechanism for pore formation was discussed.



Polymer Chemistry

Preparation and Research on Micellization Behavior of Thermo-sensitive Fluorine-containing Amphiphilic Graft Copolymer

LIU Guo-Qiang, LI Xiao-Long, XIONG Sheng-Dong, XU Zu-Shun

2012, 33(03):  624-629.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.036

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The novel thermo-sensitive fluorine-containing amphiphilic graft copolymer was prepared by graft copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate(MPEGMA) macromonomer, 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate(HFMA) and N-isopropylacrylamide(NIPAAm). The molecular structures of the graft copolymer were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹⁹F NMR and gel permeation chromatography(GPC). The low critical solution temperature(LCST) was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The result shows that the LCST is about 38.9 ℃ and above the normal human physiological temperature. The critical micelle concentrations(cmc) were determined by the fluorescent probe technique. When the copolymer aqueous solution temperature was above the LCST, the cmc decreased significantly. The average hydrodynamic radius and size distribution of the copolymer micelles were measured by laser light scattering(LLS). The micelle size decreased greatly when the copolymer aqueous solution temperature reached the LCST. However, when the temperature was too high, the micelles became larger instead. The morphology of the copolymer micelles was observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The result shows that P(NIPAAm-co-HFMA)-g-PEG can self-assemble into spherical micelles. When the temperature was under the LCST, the micelles had a loose core-shell structure. When the temperature was above the LCST, the micelle became compact and the core-shell structure was not obvious. In a word, the micelles were sensitive to the change of temperature.



Surface Modification and Anticorrosive Properties of Polyaniline

GAN Meng-Yu, LI Zhi-Chun, MA Li, HAO Shao-Na, JIA Chun-Yue, LIU Xing-Min

2012, 33(03):  630-634.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.037

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The surface of PANI was modified by octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane(D₄). The effects of reaction temperature, time, the amount of monomer and pH on the grafting effect, dispersibility and corrosion potential were investigated by characterizing cyclic voltammetry(CV), polarization curves(Tafel) and grafting yield of the modified PANI. Besides, the structures and properties of PANI before and after modifying were compared with CV, UV-Vis, FTIR spectra, X-ray diffraction(XRD) and thermogravimetry(TGA). The results indicate that the surface of PANI is modified effectively by D₄, and the dispersibility, dispersibility stability and anti-corrosion of PANI are enhanced significantly.



Polymer Chemistry

Synthesis and Photopolymerization Properties of Self-initiated Photopolymerized Acrylate Oligomers

ZHANG Yong, SHI Wen-Fang

2012, 33(03):  635-639.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.038

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4,4'-Thiodibenzenethiolhexanediol diacrylate(TBHDA) was synthesized via the "thiol-ene" reaction between 4,4'-thiodibenzenethiol and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate. For comparison, the thiophenol modified di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate(TP-DiTMP4A) and hyperbranched acrylate(TP-P1000A) were also synthesized. The molecular structures of the oilgomers were characterized with ¹H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. The self-initiated photopolymerization behavior was investigated by photo-DSC measurements. The results show that TBHDA possesses the best self-initiated photopolymerization performance, indicating that the thioether linkage and acrylate double bond concentration both play key role in the self-initiated photopolymerization.



Photopolymerization Kinetics of Acrylate/Liquid Crystal Mixtures Initiated by Ketocoumarin/Amine/Triazine Ternary Photoinitiator

PENG Hai-Yan, BI Shu-Guang, LIAO Yong-Gui, ZHOU Xing-Ping, XIE Xiao-Lin

2012, 33(03):  640-644.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.039

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The photopolymerization kinetics of acrylate/liquid crystal(LC) mixtures photoinitiated by 3,3'-carbonyl bis(7-diethylaminocoumarin)(KCD)/N-methyl-N,N-diethanolamine(MDEA)/2-(4-methoxy-phe-nyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine(TA) was studied by photo-differential scanning calorimetry equipped with 441.6 nm filters. The results indicate that adding TA into KCD/MDEA binary photoinitiator greatly increases the maximum rate of photopolymerization R_p(max) and monomer conversion. R_p(max) and the total monomer conversion increase respectively by 100% and 69% as the content of TA is 0.5%(mass fraction). Moreover, both R_p(max) and total monomer conversion increase by 2.5 and 2.8 times separately when the light intensity rises from 1.5 mW/cm⁺² to 35.2 mW/cm⁺².



Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Sulfonated Polybenzimidazoles

ZHAO Jing, SHENG Li, XU Hong-Jie, FANG Jian-Hua, YIN Jie

2012, 33(03):  645-648.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0251-0790.2012.03.040

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A series of sulfonated polybenzimidazoles(SPBI) was prepared via the condensation polymerization of 1,4-bis(4-carboxyphenoxy)benzene-2-sulfonate, 4,4'-dicarboxydiphenyl ether and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine in phosphorus pentoxide/methanesulfonic acid in a mass ratio of 1∶10. The structures and properties of sulfo-nated polybenzimidazoles were confirmed by FTIR, NMR and TGA. They show good solubility in polar solvents, high thermal stability, good film forming ability and excellent mechanical properties.