Abstract: Delayed fluorescence (DF) has garnered significant attention due to its long emission lifetime and broad application potential in areas such as molecular probes, optoelectronic materials, and anti-counterfeiting. Conventionally, DF is primarily achieved through reversible intersystem crossing between the singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) states within a molecule or via phosphorescence resonance energy transfer between specific donor-acceptor pairs. However, DF phenomena based on clusteroluminescence systems remain scarcely reported. In this study, utilizing anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) and poly(hexamethylene-biguanide)hydrochloride (PHMB) as fundamental clusteroluminescent units, we constructed a clusteroluminescent material via electrostatic assembly that functions as a template for delayed fluorescence. Following the introduction of various types of commercially available dye molecules into this template, the activation of DF emission was universally achieved, because the dye can interact with either the cationic PHMB or the anionic APAM. This work provides a novel strategy and platform for the realization and application of delayed fluorescence.

Key words: Delayed fluorescence, Clusteroluminescence; Phosphorescence resonance energy transfer