高等学校化学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (9): 20260203.doi: 10.7503/cjcu20260203
张桢溥1,3, 洪博龙3, 杨道通1,3, 倪海津2,3, 黄科科1(
), 韩松柏3(
)
收稿日期:2026-05-16
出版日期:2026-09-10
发布日期:2026-06-28
通讯作者:
黄科科
E-mail:kkhuang@jlu.edu.cn;hansb@sustech.edu.cn
作者简介:韩松柏, 男, 博士, 教授, 主要从事中子表征技术与能源材料方面的研究. E⁃mail: hansb@sustech.edu.cn
ZHANG Zhenpu1,3, HONG Bolong3, YANG Daotong1,3, NI Haijin2,3, HUANG Keke1(
), HAN Songbai3(
)
Received:2026-05-16
Online:2026-09-10
Published:2026-06-28
Contact:
HUANG Keke
E-mail:kkhuang@jlu.edu.cn;hansb@sustech.edu.cn
Supported by:摘要:
卤化物固态电解质因具有较好的氧化稳定性、 较高的离子电导率和良好的机械可加工性, 近年来成为全固态电池领域的重要研究方向. 随着氯化物以及氧氯化物、 氮氯化物等体系的发展, 卤化物固态电解质在离子传输性能和结构调控方面取得了显著进展. 然而, 此类材料目前仍主要停留在实验室小批量制备和电池验证阶段, 其规模化应用仍面临诸多问题. 本文综合评述了机械球磨法、 固相反应法、 溶液法、 气相沉积法及相关复合工艺等主要制备方法, 比较了不同工艺在结构调控和规模化制备潜力等方面的特点, 并进一步分析了卤化物固态电解质由实验室制备走向规模化制造过程中待解决的问题, 包括批次一致性控制、 制造成本降低、 环境稳定性提升、 工艺过程可控性以及与实际电池制造的适配, 以期为卤化物固态电解质的工艺优化、 规模化制备及其在全固态电池中的应用研究提供参考.
中图分类号:
TrendMD:
张桢溥, 洪博龙, 杨道通, 倪海津, 黄科科, 韩松柏. 卤化物固态电解质制备工艺研究进展: 从实验室合成到规模化制造. 高等学校化学学报, 2026, 47(9): 20260203.
ZHANG Zhenpu, HONG Bolong, YANG Daotong, NI Haijin, HUANG Keke, HAN Songbai. Preparation Strategies of Halide Solid-State Electrolytes: From Laboratory Synthesis to Scalable Manufacturing. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2026, 47(9): 20260203.
Fig.3 Structural evolution and ion⁃transport properties of representative oxyhalide SSEs(A) Laboratory XRD patterns, ionic conductivities and activation energies of amorphous xLi2O-TaCl5 and xLi2O⁃HfCl4 SSEs[47]; (B) composition-dependent phase evolution and ion-transport properties of Zr-based oxychloride SSEs[55].(A) Copyright 2023, Springer Nature; (B) Copyright 2023, Springer Nature.
Fig.4 Amorphization strategy, low⁃temperature battery design, and ion⁃transport properties of nitride⁃halide SSEs(A) Schematic illustration of the preparation of amorphous LMCN nitride-halide solid electrolytes[48]; (B) schematic configuration of an all-solid-state battery designed for operation under extreme cold conditions[57]; (C) evolution of metal-centered coordination clusters from crystalline Li⁃M⁃Cl precursors to amorphous xLi3N⁃MCl y nitride-halide networks[49]; (D) XRD patterns of Li2ZrCl6 and Li3x+0.1ZrN x Cl4.1, Nyquist plots of Li1.3ZrN0.4Cl4.1 and Li2ZrCl6, and MD-simulated structure of Li1.3ZrN0.4Cl4.1[58].(A) Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH; (B) Copyright 2025, Springer Nature; (C) Copyright 2026, the Royal Society of Chemistry; (D) Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH.
Fig.5 Effect of ball⁃milling conditions on the structural evolution and ion⁃transport properties of amorphous Li3x TaCl5N x (3x=1.25)nitride⁃chloride solid electrolytes[48](A) PXRD patterns of LTCN prepared under different ball-milling conditions; (B) Nyquist plots, ionic conductivity evolution, Arrhenius conductivity plots, and corresponding activation energies of LTCN solid electrolytes with different milling times.Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH.
| Material | Structure | Conductivity/(S·cm-1) | Speed/(r·min-1) | Ball⁃to⁃powder ratio | Time/h | Post⁃treatment | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li3YCl6 | hcp/P | 0.51×10-3 | 500 | — | 50 | — | [ |
| Li3YBr6 | ccp/C2/m | 1.7×10-3 | 500 | — | 50 | Annealing at 550 ℃ | [ |
| Li3InCl6 | ccp/C2/m | 1.49×10-3 | 500 | 40∶1 | 24 | Annealing at 260 ℃, 5 h | [ |
| Li3YBr6 | ccp/C2/m | 1.52×10-3 | 500 | — | 50 | Annealing at 823 K, 2 h | [ |
| Li3Y1-x In x Cl6 | hcp/P →ccp/C2/m | 6.08×10-5→ 1.42×10-3 | 500 | 40∶1 | 36 | Annealing at 260 ℃, 5 h | [ |
| Li3ErI6 | Monoclinic/C2/c | 0.65×10-3 | 500 | 30∶1 | 83 | — | [ |
| Li2ZrCl6 | hcp/P | 4.46×10⁻⁴ | 500 | 40∶1 | 36 | Heat treatment at 100 ℃, 4 h | [ |
| Li3TiCl6 | Monoclinic/C2/m | 1.04×10-3 | 600 | 12∶1 | 24 | Annealing at 300 ℃, 5 h | [ |
| Li3ScCl6 | Monoclinic/C2/m | 1.01×10-3 | 600 | 30∶1 | 10 | Heated at 450 °C, 30 min | [ |
| 6Li2O⁃TaCl5 | Amorphous | 6.6×10-3 | 100+500 | 40∶1 | 2+10 | — | [ |
| 1.5Li2O⁃HfCl4 | Amorphous | 1.97×10-3 | 100+500 | 40∶1 | 2+10 | — | [ |
| Li1.25TaCl5N0.42 | Amorphous | 7.34×10-3 | 100+500 | 45∶1 | 3+30 | — | [ |
| 0.533Li3N⁃HfCl4 | Amorphous | 2.02×10-3 | 100+500 | 45∶1 | 3+30 | — | [ |
Table 1 Summary of ball-milling parameters for halide SSEs
| Material | Structure | Conductivity/(S·cm-1) | Speed/(r·min-1) | Ball⁃to⁃powder ratio | Time/h | Post⁃treatment | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li3YCl6 | hcp/P | 0.51×10-3 | 500 | — | 50 | — | [ |
| Li3YBr6 | ccp/C2/m | 1.7×10-3 | 500 | — | 50 | Annealing at 550 ℃ | [ |
| Li3InCl6 | ccp/C2/m | 1.49×10-3 | 500 | 40∶1 | 24 | Annealing at 260 ℃, 5 h | [ |
| Li3YBr6 | ccp/C2/m | 1.52×10-3 | 500 | — | 50 | Annealing at 823 K, 2 h | [ |
| Li3Y1-x In x Cl6 | hcp/P →ccp/C2/m | 6.08×10-5→ 1.42×10-3 | 500 | 40∶1 | 36 | Annealing at 260 ℃, 5 h | [ |
| Li3ErI6 | Monoclinic/C2/c | 0.65×10-3 | 500 | 30∶1 | 83 | — | [ |
| Li2ZrCl6 | hcp/P | 4.46×10⁻⁴ | 500 | 40∶1 | 36 | Heat treatment at 100 ℃, 4 h | [ |
| Li3TiCl6 | Monoclinic/C2/m | 1.04×10-3 | 600 | 12∶1 | 24 | Annealing at 300 ℃, 5 h | [ |
| Li3ScCl6 | Monoclinic/C2/m | 1.01×10-3 | 600 | 30∶1 | 10 | Heated at 450 °C, 30 min | [ |
| 6Li2O⁃TaCl5 | Amorphous | 6.6×10-3 | 100+500 | 40∶1 | 2+10 | — | [ |
| 1.5Li2O⁃HfCl4 | Amorphous | 1.97×10-3 | 100+500 | 40∶1 | 2+10 | — | [ |
| Li1.25TaCl5N0.42 | Amorphous | 7.34×10-3 | 100+500 | 45∶1 | 3+30 | — | [ |
| 0.533Li3N⁃HfCl4 | Amorphous | 2.02×10-3 | 100+500 | 45∶1 | 3+30 | — | [ |
Fig.6 Phase evolution and ion⁃transport properties of halide and oxyhalide solid electrolytes during solid⁃state reaction/annealing(A) Characterization of Li3YCl6 formation from the solid-state reaction between LiCl and YCl3, including temperature- dependent synchrotron XRD patterns, Rietveld-refined phase fractions, XRD patterns and crystal structures of β-Li3YCl6 and α-Li3YCl6[66]; (B) ionic conductivity evolution of crystalline Li—Ta—O—Cl as a function of composition, synthesis temperature and dwell time[71].(A) Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH; (B) Copyright 2025, MDPI.
Fig.7 Hydration/dehydration mechanism and intermediate⁃phase evolution during solution synthesis of halide SSEs(A) Schematic illustration of water-mediated synthesis of Li3InCl6 through hydrated Li3InCl6·xH2O intermediates and reversible dehydration/rehydration[73]; (B) visualization of Li3YCl6 synthesis pathways using in situ neutron diffraction, phase-fraction analysis and TGA/DSC thermal analysis[75].(A) Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH; (B) Copyright 2024, the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig.8 Auxiliary processing routes for halide SSEs and ion⁃exchange⁃assisted structural evolution(A) Schematic comparison of freeze-drying, hydration and ball-milling routes for preparing Li3InCl6 solid electrolytes[88]; (B) atomic structural evolution before and after ball-milling- or ultrasonication-assisted ion exchange[90].(A) Copyright 2023, the Royal Society of Chemistry; (B) Copyright 2026, American Chemical Society.
Fig.10 Ball⁃milling⁃induced structural evolution of oh⁃LZC[94](A) XRD patterns of pristine and 18 min ball-milled ZrCl4; (B) EIS spectra of oh-LZC-18 min and 2LiCl-Ta2O5 samples; (C, D) SEM images of pristine and 18 min ball-milled ZrCl4; (E) schematic illustration of Li2ZrCl6 formation and amorphous 3D Li⁺ transport-channel evolution during ball milling.Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH.
Fig.11 Neutron diffraction refinements and crystal structures of Li2ODX(X=Cl, Br)[95](A) Rietveld refinement of Li2ODCl at 300 K in the orthorhombic Pban space group; (B) Rietveld refinement of Li2ODCl at 400 K in the cubic Pm3¯m space group; (C) Rietveld refinement of Li2ODBr at 300 K in the cubic Pm3¯m space group; (D—F) refined crystal structures of Li2ODX(X=Cl, Br).Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society.
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