PCA-LDA Analysis of Human and Canine Blood Based on Non-contact Raman Spectroscopy†

doi:10.7503/cjcu20160676

Abstract

Abstract:

Efficient and rapid non-destructive screening method for human and animal blood has great significance and practical prospects in export inspection and quarantine, forensic testing and other areas. By taking full advantages of Raman spectroscopy and combination of mathematical and statistical methods, species discriminant model for human blood and canine blood was established in this paper. First of all, the non-destructive Raman spectroscopy test for blood samples was focused. The factors which affected the non-destructive test were investigated in details, such as the material of anticoagulant tubes, the focus position and exposure time in Raman detecting and so on. Raman spectra of human and canine blood samples were obtained under the optimal conditions. The effective spectra were accumulated with 633 nm excitation in spectral range of 200—1800 cm^-1 with a 5 s integration time and 2 accumulating times. Laser power was selected approximately 8.85 mW. In view of the complexity of the blood sample composition and the high signal background of the Raman spectrum, the pretreatment method of wavelet denoising and piecewise polynomial baseline correction for the series of Raman spectra was proposed and solved effectively the recognition rate of the Raman spectrum. The model of multivariate statistical algorithm was established from the training data which set consisted of 30 spectra from human blood and 33 spectra from dog blood and the testing data which included five spectra from human blood and five spectra from dog blood by combining principal component analysis(PCA) with linear discriminant analysis(LDA) in MATLAB to identified the species of human and dog blood. The classification accuracy of proposed model for the calibration set and the blind test are 95.23% and 90.00%. Studies have shown that based on the non-contact method of testing blood samples Raman and PCA-LDA classification model has broad application value and prospect in the fields of import and export inspection and quarantine blood nondestructive identification.

Key words: Human blood, Canine blood, Non-destructive test of Raman spectroscopy, Principal component analysis(PCA)-linear discriminant analysis(LDA)

CLC Number:

O657.37

TrendMD:

ZHENG Xiangquan, LIAO Xin, XU Yi, HONG Mingjian. PCA-LDA Analysis of Human and Canine Blood Based on Non-contact Raman Spectroscopy^†[J]. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2017, 38(4): 575.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1 Raman spectrum of human blood in the range of 200—4000 cm-1

Fig.2 Raman spectrum of glass anticoagulant tubes

Fig.3 Raman spectra of human blood at attenuation power of 10%(A), 25%(B), 50%(C) and 75%(D)

Fig.4 Raman spectra of human blood at focus position of 0(A), 0.5 mm(B), 1 mm(C) and 1.4 mm(D)

Fig.5 Raman spectra of canine(a) and human blood(b) by testing on glass substrate(A) and non-destructive testing in tube(B)

Fig.6 Raman spectra of human blood after pretreatment

Fig.7 Scores plot for Raman spectra of human and canine blood

Fig.8 Loading plot of PC1(A) and PC2(B)

Table 1 Raman spectral peaks of human and canine blood by non-destructive testing in the tube and on the glass substrate

Sample	State	Peak/cm^-1
Human blood	Outside	673	752	975	999	1122	1172	1223	1546	1561	1615	1637
Canine blood	Outside	673	752	977	1000	1122	1169	1223	1547	1561	1618	1634
Human blood	Non-destructive		755					1223	1546	1564		1637
Canine blood	Non-destructive		755					1223	1545	1562		1636

Table 2 Typical characteristic peaks of human and canine blood[10,24,25]

Characteristic peak/cm^-1		Vibrational mode
PC1		PC2
	743
753	754	752(T)
1222	1222	Protein
	1340	A, Tryptophan, γCH₂
1549		Phenylalanine, deoxyribose, A, U, C
	1559
1563		Heme
1618		Heme
1637	1638	A

Fig.9 Scores plot for Raman spectra of unknown samples

Table 3 PCA scores plots for matrix M and the result of prediction

Unknown sample	PC1	PC2	Actual identity	Predicted class
1	-145.78	-42.36	Canine	Canine
2	-77.81	125.12	Human	Human
3	-52.07	-61.80	Canine	Canine
4	-74.59	-31.02	Canine	Human
5	-93.47	47.68	Human	Human
6	214.96	145.77	Human	Human
7	-13.74	-21.95	Canine	Human
8	-145.66	-44.83	Canine	Canine
9	-234.56	-7.00	Human	Canine
10	-122.37	-45.01	Canine	Canine
Correct rate	90.00%

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