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中文
Table of Content
24 October 1990, Volume 11 Issue 10
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Articles
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [WS
4
Cu
2
(Py)
4
]
Gao Fengjun, Zhu Huizhen, Xin Xinquan, Dai Anbang, Liu Wangxi, Wang Boyi, Zheng Peiju
1990, 11(10): 1045-1047.
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The reaction among (NH
4
)
2
WS
4
, CuCl and (n-Bu)
4
NBr yields red-orange crystal. The Crystal reacts with excess of pyridine to produce red-orange crystal [WS
4
Cu
2
(Py)
4
]. It belongs to the monoclinic system, space group C2/c,with a=14.109(1)Å, 6=12. 704(1)Å, c=14. 071(1)Å; β=96. 97(1)°; V=2504.1Å
3
and Z=4. The intensity data were collected by ENRAF-NONIUS CAD4 diffractometer. The molecular structure was solved by patterson method and Fourier method and refined by least-squres with anisotropic thermal parameters. The value of Ris 0.027.
Studies on the Cross-Linking Process of Layer Compound a-Zr(HPO
4
)
2
·H
2
O
Ge Ying, Li Liansheng, Xu Ruren, Guo Haichen
1990, 11(10): 1048-1051.
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Two new Zeolite like materials, SiO
2
-Zr(HPO
4
)
2
( Ⅰ ) and SiO
2
-Zr(HPO
4
)
2
( Ⅱ ), were synthesized by reacting the cross-liking agents of CH
3
Si(OC
2
H
5
)
3
and NH
2
(CH
2
)
3
Si(OC
2
H
5
)
3
with layer compound of a-Zr(HPO
4
)
2
·H
2
O. The reactions produced two types of SiO
2
-Zr(HPO
4
)
2
with different basal spacing.This process was investigated by means of XRD, GCand liquid NMR. The results show that there are three steps in the cross-linking process. Firstly, the cross-liking agents are hy-drolyzed and condensed. Secondly, one type of polymerization state silicon is intercalated into layers in a-Zr(HPO
4
)
2
·H
2
O. Lastly, the intercalated compounds are calcined. During the calcination the groups on the layers react with silicon to form the zeolite like materials.
Studies on Crystallization and Properties of Silicophosphoaluminate Molecular Sieves in Methylaminc System
He Heyong, Pan Sizhong, Zhang Ling, Cao Yongwen, Gao Zi
1990, 11(10): 1052-1056.
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The hydrothcnnal crystallization behaviour of CH
3
NH
2
-SiO
2
-P
2
O
5
-Al
2
O
3
-H
2
O system was investigated at 150℃ under autogenous pressure and a ternary phase diagram with the apices of the triangle representing pure CH
3
NH
2
, P
2
O
5
and Al
2
O
3
was obtained, which shows the effect of the composition changes of CH
3
NH
2
, P
2
O
5
and Al
2
O
3
on the crystalization phase when in the reaction mixture the molar ratio of SiO
2
: Al
2
O
3
: H
2
O=0. 4: 1 : 40. Two silicophosphoaluminate molecular sieves,CFS-APO-1 and CFSAPO-2, were found to be formed from the system. The physicochemical properties of CFSAPO-1 samples containing different amout of silicon were studied with XRD, DTA, TG,IR, NH
3
-TPD and adsorption methods. It is found that the framework Pand Al were substituted congruent-ly by silicon.
Syntheses and Characterization of Co( Ⅱ ) Schiff Base Chelates and Their Dioxygen Adducts
An Xingmin, Zhao Jishou
1990, 11(10): 1057-1061.
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One new tetradentate Schiff base ligand L
2
(L
2
= N,N-ethylene bis(1-acetylnaphthol-2), two new Co( Ⅱ ) chelates CoL
2
and CoL
3
·H
2
O(L
3
= N,N-phenylene bis(1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-ben-zoyliminepyrazolone-5) and two new dioxygen adducts CoL
1
·Py·O
2
·2H
2
O(L
1
=N,N-ethylene bis (l-phenyl-3-methy-4-benzoyliminepyrazolone-5) and CoL
2
·Py·O
2
·2H
2
O were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis, MS,
1
H NMR, ESR, magnetic measurements, thermal analysis and conductivity measurements.
Studies on Influence of Temperature on Diffusion of Solution in Flow-Injection Analysis
Chen Danhua, Cai Ruxiu, Lin Zhixin, Zeng Yun'e
1990, 11(10): 1062-1066.
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In this paper the influence of temperature on the diffusion of solution in flow-injection analysis is studied.The theoretical and experimental resuts show that the peak height and residence time increase and the half width decreases, with increasing temperature,whereas the peak area keeps constant. With increasing of the sample volume and flow rate,the influence of temperature on peak height residence time and half width can be decreased. These results are theoretically explained.
Adsorptive/Extractive Voltammctry for Determining Clozapine at Carbon Paste Electrodes
Peng Tuzhi, Yang Zhongping, Lü Rongshan
1990, 11(10): 1067-1071.
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This paper reports differential pulse stripping voltammetry for determining clozapine, an an-tipsychotic drug, at carbon paste electrodes. Clozapine exhibits an anodic peak at 0. 45 V (vs Ag-AgCl). The response is linear at the range of 1× 10
-6
-1× 10
-8
g/mLwith a detection limit of 4×10
-9
g/mL. It is demonstrated that the adsorption and extraction play an important role during preconcentration. The ratio of these two parts is evaluated by chronocoulpmetry. The open circuit accumulation/medium exchange/ stripping voltammetry scheme is used to measure clozapine in tablets and urine sample without pretreatment.
Studies on Organo-Silicon Compounds with Biological Activity (X)—— Synthesis of N-Hydrocarbyl-N-Dirnethylphenyldimethyl-Silylrnethylene- 2-Furamide and Biological Activity
Liao Ren'an, Xie Qinglan, Wu Yimin
1990, 11(10): 1072-1075.
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Eleven N-Hydrocarbyl-N-dimethylphenylsilylmethylene- 2-furamides were synthesized, with a short reaction time and simple treatment. Their structures were determined by IR,
1
H NMR,
13
C NMR, MSand elemental analysis. From the preliminary biological tests it is found that these compounds have some fungicidal activity for plant diseases and very weak inhibitory action to plant growth.
Carbonylation of Bis(Cyclopcntadicnyl)-Bis(Substituted benzyl) Titanium
Wang Jitao, Wang Yongmei, Wang Qingxi
1990, 11(10): 1076-1080.
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Para-substituted bis (benzyl) bis (cyclopentadienyl) titanium complexes reacted with carbon monoxide in n-pentane, producing bis (cyclopentadienyl) dicarbonyl titanium and sym-dibenzyl ke-tone. By means of spectrometric monitoring technique, it is suggested that one molecule of COinserting into the Ti-C σ-bond to form the unstable phenylacetyl-benzyl-bis (cyclopentadienyl) titanium. The intermediate Cp
2
Ti(C(O)CH
2
Ph)CH
2
Ph is labile and quickly eliminates benzyl and phenylacetyl group to produce dibenzyl ketone. The reaction velocity is enhanced by the presence of electron donating group on the phenyl ring (Me>t-Bu>H>F>Cl).
Indirect Photometric Chromatography of Hydroxy Acids Using UV-AbsorbingAlkylpyridinium or Quaternary Ammonium Salts as DetectionAgents and Modifiers
Da Shilu, Wang Zhonghua, Wang Hongying, Huang Jizhen
1990, 11(10): 1081-1086.
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The reversed- phase chromatographic systems, either modified dynamically with ben-zyltrimethyl ammonium bromide or coated "permanently" with alkylpyridinium salts, have been studied for the separation and detection of hydroxy acids by the indirect photometric detecction. The ben- zyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and alkylpyridinium salts would play the part of a detection agent and a modifier in the indirect photometric chromatography. The adsorption isotherms of these reagents on YWG-CHreversed phase packing in methanol-aqueous phosphate buffer solutions are determined. The influence of the amounts of the reagents adsorbed on the stationary phase and that of other factors on the retention and detection sensitivity of hydroxy acids are illustrated.
XPS Study of Five Hctcropolyanions Containing Fe
Ⅲ
Wang Zhanwen, Wu Naijun, Fang Jingli
1990, 11(10): 1087-1090.
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The intensity of Fe
2p
3/2
satellite peaks and the binding energies of Fe
2p
3/2
and O
1s
. for five het-eropolyanions were determined. The IR spectra and the magnetic susceptibility in these anions were obtained. The spin state of Fe
Ⅲ
in the anions was deduced. The d-pπ bond of Fe-O-Fe bridge in (SiFeW
11
)
2
O was identified. The effects of the frame- and center hetero-atoms on the electron cloud density of iron in the anions are discussed.
The Surface Activities of Ammonium Perf luorooctanoate, Ammonium Perfluorononanoate and Their Mixtures
Zhu Buyao, Yu qing
1990, 11(10): 1091-1095.
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The surface tension isotherms of ammonium perfluorooctanoate, ammonium perfluo-rononanoate and their mixed aqueous solutions with ammonium chloride (0. 1 mol/L) have been measured by using drop volume method at 25℃. The micellization, adsorption and surface tension reduction in these systems are discussed. Anew method for calculating the whole γ-lgC curves of the ideal solutions of the mixtures was developed and good correspondence between the calculated and experimental results was obtained.
The Redox Characteristics of Molybdophosphoric Heteropolyacids, Molybdovanadophosphoric Heteropolyacids and Their Salts
Zhang Hengbin, Wu Tonghao, Yan Xiaobin, Leng Yuchun, Li Shujia
1990, 11(10): 1096-1101.
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The Oxidation-reduction behaviour of H
3
PMo
12
O
40
, M
3
PMo
12
O
40
(M = NH
4
, Na, K), H
4
PMo
11
VO
40
and M
n
,H
4-n
PMo
11
VO
40
(M = Na, La, K, Eu; n=1～4 for Na and La, n=4 for K, n= 2 for Eu) with a Keggin structure was studied by an electrochemical method in the mixed solvents of water-dioxane containing supporting electrolyte of 0. 5 mol/L H
2
SO
4
. The molybdenum in the acids and in their salts can gain or lose eight electrons, the vanadium in them can gain or lose one electron. The order and reversibility of oxidation- reduction for molybdenum and vanadium were also analyzed.
Salt Effect of Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium in the Formic Acid-Acetic Acid-Water-Calcium Chloride System ( Ⅱ )
Li Xi, Jiang Fuming, Wang Xinxing
1990, 11(10): 1101-1106.
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The vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) salt effect and the influence of salt concentration on the VLEsalt effect in the HAc-HCO
2
H-H
2
O-CaCl
2
system were studied. The amounts of CaCl
2
used were 0. 8 and 1. 0(mol/kg solvent) respectively. When the salt concentration is different,the changes of salt effect were expressed by the curves of volatility equal to 1 and several regions of different volatilities. The result obtained show that CaCl
2
causes salting-out of the formic acid and acetic acid, and the salting-out increases with the increase of the salt concentration.
Studies on the Structure of 1,4-Dipiperidinyl-2,3-bis(4-methylphenyl)-2,3-Butanediol(dl)
Yin Zhanfeng, Wang Guoxiong, Zhou Zhaolin, Feng Juncai, Zhou Zhongyuan, Yu Kaibei
1990, 11(10): 1107-1109.
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The crystal structure of 1,4-dipiperidinyl-2,3-bis(4-methylphenyl)-2,3-butanediol(dl) was determined. Its electronic structure was studied by CNDO/2 method. Some structural characters were discussed.
Application of the Subgraphs Induced from Molecular Graph in Calculating Coefficients of the Eigcnpolynomial Equation
Zhao Honggang, Yang Kaihai, Cao Yang
1990, 11(10): 1110-1115.
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In this paper, the topological properties of molecules are discussed by using subgraphs induced from molecular graph as the basic graph. The practical method is developed for evaluating a
K
general formula of the conjugated molecules through deriving the graph of molecular graph. Applying this method, we have obtained the general formulas of a
K
for common homologous conjugated molecules.
Studies on the Structure of the Alkaline Proteinase BP
Liu Lanying, Feng Yan, Zhang Lifang, Ma Rongjiu, Cheng Yuhua
1990, 11(10): 1116-1119.
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The amino-acid composition of the alkaline proteinase BP was determined by amino-acid analyzer. The molecular weight of the alkaline proteinase BP measured by gel filtration is 19500. The enzyme was modified by reagent NBS and two residues of tryptophan were determined by ultraviolet spectrometry. One of them is the necessary residue for the activity of the enzyme. The two tryptophan residues were located on the surface of the alkaline proteinase BP, which had been determined by the reagents of the surface fluorescence quench. The conformation of the enzyme molecule is a random coil proved by the CD spectrum.
Studies on Crosslink Copolymer of Vinyl Acetate and Triallyl Isocyanurate (Ⅲ) ——Effect of Porogenic Agent on the Structures of the Copolymer
He Binglin, Guo Xianquan, Zhao Fenzhi, He Dan, Shi Xiuping, Ma Yufang
1990, 11(10): 1120-1123.
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The copolymer was prepared by the suspension copolymerization of vinyl acetate and triallyl isocyanurate in the presence of poregenic agents such as n-octane, n-heptane, decahydronaphthalene or n-butyl acetate. The pore-structure parameters of the copolymer beads were determined.
Studies on Hydrogen Evolution at Thermodiffusion-Treated Nickel-Implanted Titanium Electrodes
Zhang Jishuang, Wang Ronghui, Lu Yaojiao, Yang Jinquan, Feng Hanming
1990, 11(10): 1124-1125.
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Ni-implanted Ti electrodes were treated by thermodiffusion in higher vacuum for 1 h at the temperature from 100 to 700℃, and the hydrogen evolution reaction was then studied at the electrodes in the solution of 0. 856 mol/L NaCl plus 0. 01 mol/L HCl. Two orders of magnitude increases in exchanging current density (i
o
) were recorded for the .thermodif fusion-treated electrodes by comparison with the untreated. The effect is attributed to the increase of nickel concentration on the electrode surface.
New Ni( Ⅱ ) Complexes with Mixed Trimeric Double Schiff Base Ligands
Meng Qingjin, Wang Ruixue, Bu Xiuren, You Xiaozeng
1990, 11(10): 1126-1128.
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Five new Ni( Ⅱ ) complexes NiLand two related addudts nCHCl
3
. NiL(n=1/2, 1),L's are the deprotonated asymmetric ligands which involve an ethylenediamine,an acetylacetone and a sal-icylaldehyde analogue moieties, have been synthesized,and characterized by microanalysis, IR, UV-Vis and
1
H NMR spectrum.
Fluorination Reaction Under Ar-O
2
Controlled Atmosphere DC Arc Discharge
Hu Bin, Jiang Zucheng, Liao Zhenhuan, Zeng Yun'e
1990, 11(10): 1129-1131.
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Evaporization rate of impurity elements was determined in the presence of different fluorat-ing agents. Arc temperature, electron pressure, ionization degree of impurity elements were calculated. On the basis of these data, all kinds of factors influencing the element spectral intensity are discussed. Reaction products in the electrode cavity were analysed with X-ray diffraction. Under these conditions the mechanism of the fluorination reaction is proposed, and demonstrated by thermodynami-cal calculation.
Studies on Electrochemical Analysis of Precious Metal Elements(Ⅻ) —— Determination of Micro-lridium by ASV After Enrichment and Separation with Ion Exchange
Zhang Yuxiang, Lu Fan, Su Zhixing, Zhang Youngyou, Xu Keli
1990, 11(10): 1132-1134.
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In this work, the determination of micro-iridium by using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) after enrichment and separation with the synthetic ion exchange resin of thiopropionamide is studied. When pH=2, the resin can absorb 100% of Au(Ⅲ), Pd(Ⅱ), Pt(Ⅳ) and Ir(Ⅳ)ions from the hydrochloric acid solution. Then, when 20 mLof 6 mol/L HCl is used as an eluant, only iridium can be eluted quantitatively. Thus, the problem of.enrichment and separation of Ir from other interferring elements can be resolved. The authors investigated the conditions of determination of mi-cro-iridium by ASV without use of thin film mercury. 0. 3 mol/L HCl-0. 75μg Te
4+
/mL was selected as the supporting electrolytic system. The results show that the peak potential of Te(Ⅳ) is at +0. 45 V(vs SCE), whereas Ir(Ⅳ ) is at +0. 75 V, and the content of Ir(Ⅳ) is linear with peak current in the range of 10
-6
～10
-8
g/mL. The detection limit reaches 20 × 10
-3
ppm.This method has been used for analysing some sample with good results agree with that of the original content. The recovery is in the range of 96%～104%.
The Formation, of Silver-Collosol and Their Effect in Spectrophotometry
Du Haiyan, Wang Bingwu
1990, 11(10): 1135-1137.
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In this paper, the characteristic of the reaction between product covalent hydrides and silver ion is discussed, and their effect in spectrophotometry is presented. By experiments, the properties of silver-collosol is researched, and the radius of colloidal silver is calculated. The property of loading charge of colloidal silver and the action of colloid protectant are confirmed. These results are of great importance to improve spectrophotometry which relate to silver-collosol.
Preface
Determination of Europium by DPN-Triton X-100 Fluorescence System
Si Zhikun, Zhu Guiyun, Zhu Wenjing
1990, 11(10): 1138-1140.
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Anew fluorescence system of Eu-DPN-NH
3
-Triton X-100 is investigated in this paper. The optimum conditions to form the system are as follows: concentration of DPN is equal to 5. 0×10
-6
mol/L, Triton X-1000. 01% and pH = 9. 0. The fluorescence intensity is a linear function of the concentration of europium at the range of 1. 0× 10
-8
-8.0× 10
-7
mol/L. The method can be used for spectrofluorimetric determination of Eu
3+
in a aqueous solution and the detection limit is 6. 0× 10
-11
mol/L (9. 1× 10
-3
ng/mL). Several samples were analyzed with satisfactory results.
Articles
A Study on the Flow Injection Analysis Method the Indirect Determination of Cyanides with a Ternary Complex of Cu( Ⅱ )-CAS-CTMAB
Zhao Shanlin, Zhang Sousong
1990, 11(10): 1141-1143.
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The flow injection analysis method for the indirect determination of cyanides with a ternary complex of Cu( Ⅱ )-CAS-CTMAB was studied and proposed. The experimental parameters were discussed by means of experiments. The cyanides in the industrial waste water from the procedure in the Chemical Fibre Plant of Fushun were determined, it is shown that this method is simple, sensitive and accurate.
Studies on the Biomimetic Oxidation Catalyzed by the Model Compound of Cytochrome P- 450 ( Ⅷ )——The Influence of Additive Organo-Ligand upon the Catalytic Characteristics of TPPFe( Ⅲ )CI in the Hydroxylation of Cyclohexane by PhIO
Zhu Shenjie, Gui Mingde, Guo Cancheng
1990, 11(10): 1144-1146.
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The influence of some additive organo-ligands——pyridine, pyrrole thiophene, furan, imi-dazole and Ph
3
P upon the catalytic characteristics of TPPFe( Ⅲ )Cl in the hydroxylation of cyclohex-ane by PhIO was reported in this paper.The electronic and steric substituent effects of substituted pyridines on the catalytic activity of TPPFe( Ⅲ )Cl in the above reactions were also studied.
Studies on the Oxidation of 3,5-Cyclo-24-S-Ethyl-Cholcst-22-cne-6-onewith Thallium Triacetate
Liu Xingping, Li Yulin, Liang Xiaotian
1990, 11(10): 1147-1149.
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The oxidation of 2 with Thallium triacetate in acetic acid was studied. The cis-glycol(22S, 23S), identical with the major product from Osmium tctraoxide oxidation, was obtained with 62% yield. The mechanism of the oxidation reaction was discussed.
Studies on Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oil of Rhododendron Tubulosum Citing ex.Wang Wei-yei
Li Zhaolin, Xue Dunyuan, Chen Yaozu, Shi Zhixian, Zhang Jinxia
1990, 11(10): 1150-1152.
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The volatile oil of Rhododenudron tubulosum ching ex. Wang wei-yei was extracted by the device of simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction made in our laooratory. By using capillary gas chro-matography-mass spectrometry and Kovats Index, 3Gcompounds constituting 71.88% of total chro-matographic peak area, were identified. Guaiacol was separated by cooling and recrystallization and i-dentified by melting point and MS, IR, and
1
H NMR spectrometry.
Preparation of Cationic Starch by Electromagnetic Dry Process
Yus Shitai, Zhang Lijun, Liu Guoqin
1990, 11(10): 1153-1154.
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A new technology for preparing cationic starch by electromagnetic dry process and electromagnetic synthsis (EMS) installation is reported in this paper. The properties of the cationic starch prepared by this method overtakes those prepared by the wet method and this technology is suitable for preparing the cationic starch with a higher substitution degree (D. S) and ζ-electric potential. The specical features of electromagnetic dry process and the mechanism of this reaction process are also briefly disscussed.
Preface
Theoretical Studies on the Reductive Elimination of RCOCo(H)
2
(CO), in the Hydroformylation of Olefins with Cobalt Carbonyl as Catalyst
Xue Shilei, Guo Hongyou, Cao Weiliang, Wang Zuoxin
1990, 11(10): 1155-1157.
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The reductive elimination of RCOCo(H)
2
(CO)
3
, one of the key reaction in the hydro-formylation of olefins with cobalt carbonyl as a catalyst, has been studied in details by the semiemperi-cal method——ASED-MO. As a result, the reaction energy surfaces, reaction pathway, activation.energies and reaction heats have been obtained. On the basis, the authors have made a comparison between the results obtained here and others from previous paper on the key reaction of oxidative addition for hydrogen to species RCOCo(CO)
3
. The oxidative addition is a rate-determining step and the species RCOCo(H)
2
(CO)
3
could be an unstable intermediate.
Articles
Studies on the Selective Oxidation of Methane over Magnesium and Rare Earth Molybdatcs
Cui Xianghao, Wei Quan, Li Xiangwei, Ma Yingde
1990, 11(10): 1158-1160.
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The ABO
4
type of Mg, Ln(La, Ce, Eu)molybdates has been used as catalysts to convert CH
4
to HCHO. ESR, TPR and XRD measurements show that molybdenum near the neighbour oxygen ions take part in oxidation reaction. When molybdenum ions were fixed as the atom Band the atomic ratio A/B was changed, the atoms at site A were substituted by Mg,La,Ce,Eu, the structure of catalysts take varied type, such as, a-MgMoO
4
, a-La
2
(MoO
4
)
3
, Eu
2
(MoO
4
)
3
etc. The selectivity of formaldehyde increased according to the following. order MgMoO
4
<Eu
2
(MoO
4
)
3
<La
2
(MoO
4
)
3
< Ce
2
(MoO
4
)
3
. The catalysts of the CeMoO
4
series gave a higher selectivity for formaldehyde, which well coordinate oxygen inserting and dehydrogenation functions, but showed no selectivity for both CO
2
and coupling products. The befunctional effect for oxygen inserting and dehydrogenation was dependent to the electronegativity of A and B atoms, and the lattice structure of catalysts.
Studies on the Structure of Pyrolytic Products of Phenol-formaldehyde Resin
Wang Rongsun, Xie Demin, Zhang Xiyan, Wang Yusong, Fu Yujie, Zhao Chengda
1990, 11(10): 1161-1163.
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The structural features of the conductive high polymer materials of polyacene prepared fromthermoset phenol-formaldehyde resin through the pyrolytic at different temperatures have been studied by elemental analysis, IR, X-ray, ESR method, respectively.
Electrical Conductivity of Pyrolytic Product of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Wang Rongsun, Xie Demin, Zhang Xiyan, Fu Yujie, Wang Yushong, Zhao Chengda
1990, 11(10): 1164-1166.
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The iodine doping process of polyacenic materials with electric conductance prepared by the pyrolysis of phenol-formaldehyde at different temperature the relationship between the testing temperature and the electrical conductivity of pristine materials, the conducting mechanism and the magnetic susceptibility have been studied.
Phase Interfaces of PC-SMa Polymer Alloys
Ye Jinyong, Luo Huixiong
1990, 11(10): 1167-1169.
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PC-SMa polymer alloys proceeded at 260℃ is in accordance with Dobkowski's model, it can be expressed by e= 0. 331V + 0. 603V
2
- 1. 945V
3
+ 1. 316V
4
ζ
R
= 0. 847 + 1. 460V - 3. 162V
2
+ 1. 863V
3
in which, e:reinforcement factor, V: volume fraction of dispersed component. The values of ζ
R
(volume fraction of dispersed component in the dispersed space) show the interface adhesion of PC (polycarbonate) and SMa (styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer), which are in agreement with the SEM observation of this polymer alloys.
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